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User:Justinrleung/Wenchang phonology. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
User:Justinrleung/Wenchang phonology, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
User:Justinrleung/Wenchang phonology in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
User:Justinrleung/Wenchang phonology you have here. The definition of the word
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User:Justinrleung/Wenchang phonology, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Initials
| Hainanese Transliteration Scheme |
Example |
Chen (2008) |
Fu (2007) |
Huang & Feng (1993) |
Woon (1987)
|
| b |
波 |
/ʔb/ |
/ʔb/ |
/ʔb/[1] |
/ɓ/
|
| p |
坡 |
/pʰ/, [2] |
/pʰ/[2] |
/ɸ/ |
/f/,
|
| m |
摩 |
/m/ |
/m/ |
/m/ |
/m/
|
| v |
無 |
/b/[3] |
/b/ |
/b/ |
/b/
|
| d |
裝 |
/t/ |
/t/ |
/t/ |
/t/
|
| dd |
刀 |
/ʔd/ |
/ʔd/ |
/ʔd/[1][4] |
/ɗ/
|
| dh |
你 |
/d/ |
/d/ |
/d/ |
/d/
|
| n |
挪 |
/n/ |
/n/ |
/n/ |
/n/
|
| l |
羅 |
/l/ |
/l/ |
/l/[5] |
/l/
|
| g |
哥 |
/k/ |
/k/ |
/k/ |
/k/
|
| gh |
餓 |
/ɡ/ |
/ɡ/ |
/ɡ/[6] |
/ɡ/[6]
|
| ng |
俄 |
/ŋ/ |
/ŋ/ |
/ŋ/[7] |
/ŋ/
|
| h |
可 |
/x/ |
/x/ |
/x/ |
/h/
|
| hh |
號 |
/ɦ/, [8] |
/h/, |
/h/ |
/ɦ/[9]
|
| z |
支 |
/ts/, |
/ts/ |
/ts/ |
/tɕ/
|
| s |
妻 |
/s/, |
/s/ |
/s/ |
/ɕ/
|
| y |
余 |
/dz/, |
/z/ |
/z/ |
/dʑ/
|
| - |
荷 |
/∅/,[10] |
/∅/,[11] |
/∅/,[12] |
/ʔ/
|
Finals
Under construction
Tones
| Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
|
Example
|
Chen (2008)
|
Fu (2007)
|
Huang & Feng (1993)
|
Woon (1987)
|
| 1 |
詩 |
1 陰平 |
/˧/[13] |
陰平 |
/˧˦/ |
1 陰平 |
/˨˦/ |
陰平 |
/˦/
|
| 2 |
時 |
2 陽平 |
/˨/[14] |
陽平 |
/˨/ |
2 陽平 |
/˨/ |
陽平 |
/˧/
|
| 3 |
死 |
3 上聲 |
/˧˩/[15] |
陰上 |
/˨˩/ |
3 陰上 |
/˨˩/ |
上聲 |
/˨˩/[16]
|
| 4 |
四 |
5 陰去 (白) |
/˩/[17] |
陰去 |
/˩/ |
5 陰去 |
/˩/ |
去聲 |
/˩/
|
| 5 |
是 |
6 陽去 (白) |
/˦˨/[18] |
陽上 |
/˦˨/ |
4 陽上 |
/˦˨/
|
(merged with 陽入)
|
| 6 |
視 |
5’ × 6’ 混合去聲 (白)
4 去聲 (文) |
/˥˧/[19] |
混入 |
/˥˧/ |
6 陽去 |
/˥˩/
|
陰入
|
/˥˩/[20]
|
| 7
|
-b, -d, -g |
失
|
7 陰入 (白)
5 入聲 (文)
|
/˥/
|
陰入
|
/˥/
|
7 陰入 |
/˥/
|
| -h |
隻 |
/˥˧/
|
(merged with 6)
|
| 8
|
-b, -d, -g |
實
|
8 陽入 (白)
|
/˧/
|
陽入
|
/˧/
|
8 陽入 |
/˧/
|
陽入
|
/˦˨/[20]
|
| -h |
屐 |
/˦˨/
|
(merged with 4)
|
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 ʔ actually written as ?.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Aspiration actually represented with an apostrophe.
- ^ May have some frication, like v.
- ^ The chart on page 72 writes it as ?b, but this is a typo.
- ^ Actually written as L.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Actually written as g.
- ^ Actually written as ng.
- ^ before /i/; before /u/.
- ^ before /i/; before /u/.
- ^ Actually written as 0̸.
- ^ Actually written as ø.
- ^ Actually written as ф.
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˦/ or /˨˦/.
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˩/ or /˧/.
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˨˩/.
- ^ Sounds like /˧˩/. Syllables must end in a glottal stop.
- ^ Some speakers from central Wenchang pronounce it as /˩˩˦/. May be recorded by others as /˨˦/
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˥˧/ (probably mixing it up with 混合去聲).
- ^ May be recorded by others as /˥˩/.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Syllables must end in a stop.
References
- Chen, Bo (2008). 海南方言研究. Haikou: Hainan Publishing House.
- Fu, Qiwu (2007). 琼北闽语词汇研究 (PhD dissertation). Xiamen University.
- Huang, Gugan; Feng, Chengpao (1993). 文昌方言两字组的连读变调. Humanities & Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University 1: 72–75, 95.
- Woon, Wee-Lee (1987). 海南方言. Macau: University of East Asia.