User:Maro/sandbox4
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Polish vowel diagram (phonemes)
Consonants
| Phoneme | Allophones | Articulation | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | voiceless bilabial plosive | example | notes | |
| palatalized voiceless bilabial plosive | example | notes | ||
| /b/ | voiced bilabial plosive | |||
| palatalized voiced bilabial plosive | ||||
| /m/ | bilabial nasal | |||
| palatalized bilabial nasal | ||||
| voiceless bilabial nasal | ||||
| palatalized voiceless bilabial nasal | ||||
| /f/ | voiceless labiodental fricative | |||
| palatalized voiceless labiodental fricative | ||||
| /v/ | voiced labiodental fricative | |||
| palatalized voiced labiodental fricative | ||||
| /t̪/ | voiceless dental plosive | |||
| palatalized voiceless dental plosive | ||||
| voiceless alveolar plosive | ||||
| /d̪/ | voiced dental plosive | |||
| palatalized voiced dental plosive | ||||
| voiced alveolar plosive | ||||
| /n̪/ | dental nasal | |||
| voiceless dental nasal | ||||
| alveolar nasal | ||||
| / | voiceless alveolar nasal | |||
| /s̪/ | voiceless dental sibilant fricative | laminal | ||
| palatalized voiceless dental sibilant fricative | Lua error in Module:IPA at line 396: IPA input must not contain wikilinks. | laminal | ||
| /z̪/ | voiced dental sibilant fricative | laminal | ||
| palatalized voiced dental sibilant fricative | laminal | |||
| /t͡s̪/ | voiceless dental affricate | laminal? | ||
| palatalized voiceless dental affricate | laminal? | |||
| /d͡z̪/ | voiced dental affricate | laminal? | ||
| /ʂ/ | ? voiceless alveolar fricative | It's not retroflex but alveolar. The same as Russian /ʂ/ (ш) | ||
| ? palatalized voiceless alveolar fricative | Lua error in Module:IPA at line 396: IPA input must not contain wikilinks. | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | ||
| /ʐ/ | ? voiced alveolar fricative | It's not retroflex but alveolar. The same as Russian /ʐ/ (ж) | ||
| ? palatalized voiced alveolar fricative | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | |||
| /t͡ʂ/ | ?? voiceless alveolar affricate | It's not retroflex but alveolar. | ||
| ?? palatalized voiceless alveolar affricate | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | |||
| /d͡ʐ/ | ?? voiced alveolar affricate | It's not retroflex but alveolar. | ||
| ?? palatalized voiced alveolar affricate | It's palatalized, not palatal like in English. | |||
| /l/ | voiced alveolar lateral approximant | |||
| palatalized voiced alveolar lateral approximant | ||||
| voiceless alveolar lateral approximant | Lua error in Module:IPA at line 396: IPA input must not contain wikilinks. | |||
| palatalized voiceless alveolar lateral approximant | ||||
| /r/ | voiced alveolar trill | |||
| palatalized voiced alveolar trill | ||||
| voiceless alveolar alveolar trill | Lua error in Module:IPA at line 396: IPA input must not contain wikilinks. | |||
| palatalized voiceless alveolar trill | ||||
| /ɕ/ | voiceless alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) fricative | |||
| /ʑ/ | voiced alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) fricative | |||
| /t͡ɕ/ | voiceless alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) affricate | |||
| /d͡ʑ/ | voiced alveolo-palatal (prepalatal) affricate | |||
| /ɲ/ | voiced prepalatal nasal | |||
| voiceless prepalatal nasal | ||||
| / | voiced prepalatal nasal approximant | |||
| /j/ | voiced prepalatal approximant | |||
| /c/ | voiceless postpalatal plosive | |||
| /ɟ/ | voiced postpalatal plosive | |||
| /k/ | voiceless velar plosive | |||
| /ɡ/ | voiced velar plosive | |||
| /x/ | voiceless velar fricative | |||
| palatalized voiceless velar fricative | Lua error in Module:IPA at line 396: IPA input must not contain wikilinks. | |||
| voiced velar fricative | ||||
| palatalized voiced velar fricative | rare | |||
| /w/ | voiced labio-velar approximant | |||
| voiceless labio-velar approximant | ||||
| palatalized voiced labio-velar approximant | ||||
| /w̃/ | nasal labio-velar approximant | Also occurs in Portugese. | ||
| voiced velar nasal | ||||
| voiceless velar nasal | ||||
| palatalized voiced velar nasal | ||||
| palatalized voiceless velar nasal |
Vowels
| Phoneme | Allophones | Articulation | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | low central unrounded vowel | example | /a/ is always central in Polish. Actually, the correct symbol for this should be ӓ invalid IPA characters (ӓ), but there could be problems to display nasalized ӓ̃ invalid IPA characters (ӓ) (dots and tilde above) in some fonts. | |
| nasalized low central unrounded vowel | [1] | |||
| raised low central vowel | [2] | |||
| nasalized raised low central vowel | [1] | |||
| /ɛ/ | low-mid front unrounded vowel | |||
| nasalized low-mid front unrounded vowel | [1] | |||
| raised low-mid front unrounded vowel | [2] | |||
| nasalized raised low-mid front unrounded vowel | [1] | |||
| /i/ | high front unrounded vowel | |||
| nasalized high front unrounded vowel | [1] | |||
| /ɔ/ | low-mid back rounded vowel | |||
| nasalized low-mid back rounded vowel | [1] | |||
| raised low-mid back rounded vowel | [2] | |||
| nasalized raised low-mid back rounded vowel | [1] | |||
| /u/ | high back rounded vowel | |||
| nasalized high back rounded vowel | [1] | |||
| raised high back rounded vowel | [2] | |||
| nasalized raised high back rounded vowel | [1] | |||
| /ɨ̞/ | lowered high near-central unrounded vowel | something between /ɪ/ and /ɨ/ (see vowel diagram below) | ||
| nasalized lowered high near-central unrounded vowel | [1] |
Other symbols
| Symbol | Articulation | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ʔ | glottal stop | ("aha"), ("nie"), ("w innym") as opposite to ("winnym") |
Not a phoneme, but it can be heard in some words, especially interjections or in the word boundary. |
| ˈ | stress mark | ||
| ː | geminate or long vowel | not used for plosives! | |
| ‿ | undertie | used to represent linking on word boundary |
