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Phonological rules in Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
- Consonants
- The consonants /p, t, s, t͡ʃ, k, kʷ/ are voiceless if they are part of consonant cluster, and voiced elsewhere. They are also voiced if they form a cluster with the first person prefix n-.
- The ’ at the start of a word represents an underlying /h/, so the following consonant is unvoiced.
- Vowels
- /e/ is usually mid , however, it is often raised to next to /j/ and lowered to before /m, l/.
- Vowels are long before consonant clusters starting with /h/.
- The penultimate vowel (unless a /ə/) is sometimes lengthened if stressed.
- Pitch accent
- Words are assigned ‘high’ pitch on stressed syllables, that usually fall on the penultimate syllable and on alternate syllables working backwards, though most syllables with /ə/ are ignored. There are some environments in which they are not ignored (see Olson, 2018).
- Some words have low pitch on the final syllable, that is realised as rising pitch before pauses and at the end of utterances. In this scenario, stress is shifted to the third-last syllable.
- Initial syllables are stressed (though they are not necessarily assigned the pitch contour).
- Primary stress is given to the rightmost stressed syllable and all other stressed syllables are assigned secondary stress .
References
- Passamaquoddy-Maliseet language portal
- LeSourd, Philip S. (1993) Accent and Syllable Structure in Passamaquoddy, New York: Garland Publishing
- Olson, Erik (2018 October 2) “Pitch accent drives stress placement in Passamaquoddy-Maliseet”, in MIT Linguistics (Manuscript)