User:Sumiaz/O'odham

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Tepiman languages

  • Kroeber, 1939: "the Pima-Tepehuan distribution is peculiar; a belt or ribbon from the Gila to the Santiago, eight hundred miles in an air line, with a single interruption of a tenth that distance around the upper Fuerte; never touching the sea except in the desert of Papagueria, yet lying on the west of the Sirra Madre north of the brief break, and on the east flank to the south; altogether a unique distribution in North America. The component languages, which are closely similar, are Papago, Pima Alto and Bajo, Tepehuan, and Tepecano."
  • Sauer, 1934, noted of the belt that:
    • It is broken by a deep intrusion of the Opata and Cahita languages, but Piman to the north and Tepehuan to the south were so similar that Spanish annalists used the terms interchangeably.
    • There is very little dialectical variation.
    • There is very little geographic or climatic continuity.
    • There is high cultural diversity, ranging from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary farmers.
  • The Piman or Tepiman languages are a family within the Uto-Aztecan group. Shaul and Hill (1998) identify the following branches:
    1. Upper Piman, including Akimel O'odham (Pima) and Tohono O'odham (Papago) spoken in southern Arizona.
    2. Altar Piman, historically spoken along the Altar and Concepción River valleys of northern Sonora.
    3. Ati Piman, historically spoken along the Gulf of California.
    4. Lower Piman, including Pima Bajo spoken around Onavas in Sonora. May include the now-extinct Nevome.
    5. Mountain Piman, including Pima Bajo spoken around Maycoba and Yecora in Sonora, and Yepachic in Chihuahua.
    6. Tepehuan, split into two major sub-branches: Northern Tepehuan, spoken in southern Chihuahua, and Southern Tepehuan, spoken in southern Durango.

Ati Piman

  • A variety documented around Atíl, Sonora by Jesuit missionary Ignaz Pfefferkorn.
  • Notable for being particularly divergent:
    • Pronouns: serei "he, she, it"; niape "we"; pinapi "you (pl)"; seserei "they"
    • Pronominal case markers: singular object -(u)m; plural object -ua; posessive -i
    • Plurals are formed with the suffix -(b)uri, instead of by reduplication
    • Imperatives are formed by truncation instead of suffixation

Numbers

Upper
(Tohono)
Altar Ati Lower
(Onavas)
Lower
(Nevome)
Mountain
(Maycoba)
Mountain
(Yepachic)
Tepehuan
(Northern)
Tepehuan
(SE)
Tepehuan
(SW)
1 hemako humai humaco
mato
hüma
mado
maco (anim)
maddo (inanim)
hemak hemako imóko mad himati
hõmad
2 go꞉k goc kok go:k goc go:k goóka goóka gok go:k
3 waik vaic weik vaik vaiko vaik vaika vaíka vaik vaik
4 gi'ik guicu kik gui'ik guico
macoba
maakav maákova maakóva makov makov
5 hetasp hutasp hamacu héta'asp utaspo ma'vées mavɨɨsi taáma hišcamam ictuma:m
6 cu꞉dp tup rassiri tu:tp tupo vusin vusan civhómad
9 humutk tum bustamam schabac túmvestmá:m tumbustamama nuéw tuvustyáma
10 westma꞉m bustamam bustamama véstmá:m bustamama a'ipidvees a'ipidve'es baivustyáma mambiš mamvóc

Morphemes

  1. G words - Generally concrete, tangible nouns; any word suffixed with "-dag." Arguments or predicates.
  2. S- words - Stative verbs, referring to attributes or properties. Predicates or modifiers.
  3. Zero element words - Words that take neither "s-" nor "g," referring to events or actions. Always predicates.
  4. Mixed element words - Words that take "s-" but not always "g;" often derived words. Predicates or arguments.
  5. Particles

G words

  • The g element is non-obligatory. It is always omitted when:
    • A sentence starts with g.
    • The sentence contains the copula wud.
    • The word is within a postpositional phrase.
    • The word functions as the predicate.

S- words

  • The s- element is non-obligatory. It is always omitted when:
    • Preceded by the negative pi.

Derivational suffixes

Suffix Attached to Class change Example
-a ∅-word G-word o'ohana "thing that was written"
-c-k-wua mo'ockwua "to knock down with one's head"
-cud ∅-word - Example
-cud / -acud / -c S-word S- or ∅-word cipkanacud "cause to work"
-dag G-word - ki꞉dag "housing"
-dag ∅-word G-word cipkandag "job"
-dag / -adag ∅-word S-word s-ñe'idag "being good at singing"
-dam ∅-word G-word o'ohandam "one who writes"
-dkam / -adkam s-ñeid'kam "one who is good at singing"
-g / -ig / -ag G-word S-word s-ha꞉ṣanig "being full of saguaros"
-him / -ahim ∅-word - ñeokhim "to go along talking"
-id / -julid ñeokjulid "to speak for someone"
-im ∅-word S-word s-hugim "wanting to eat"
-imc s-hugimc "caused to want to eat"
-kam G-word G-word ṣu꞉ṣkkam "one with shoes"
-kuḍ / -akuḍ ∅-word G-word o'ohanakuḍ "thing to write with"
-mad G-word ∅-word onmad "adding salt"
-meḍ / -ameḍ ∅-word ∅-word pa꞉ntameḍ "went off to bake"
-pig G-word ∅-word onpig "removing salt"
-ṣ mo'oṣ "to press with one's head"
-t G-word ∅-word ki꞉t "making a house"
-to jukto "stopped raining"

Internal word structure

Based on Mathiot's "Papago Semantics," in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10.

PREFIX 2 - PREFIX 1 - STEM - SUFFIX 1 - SUFFIX 2 - SUFFIX 3 - SUFFIX 4

Position Affix Function Example
Prefix 2 b- indefinite locative
Prefix 2 d- indefinite human
Prefix 2 ṣ- indefinite manner
Prefix 1 ñe꞉- promptive
Prefix 1 wa- assertive
Prefix 1 na- interrogative
Prefix 1 ku- disconnective
Prefix 1 ma- connective
Suffix 1 -ḍ distant
Suffix 1 -t bounded
Suffix 2 -s incognizant
Suffix 3 -p potential
Suffix 3 -kĭ evidential
Suffix 3 -ṣ quotative
Suffix 4 -s incognizant
  • Napt o piastam? "Are you on your way to the feast?"
na- p -t o piastam
Q AUX.2SG BND NONFACT to go to a feast
  • Napt am o piastam? "Do you plan on going to the feast?"
na- p -t am o piastam
Q AUX.2SG BND NONFACT to go to a feast

Locative auxiliaries

Visible Nonvisible Facing Nonfacing
Lateral
Nonfacing
Nonlateral
Proximal i / ia in im
Infradistal ab an am
Distal ga gḍ ga ganai gamai
Ultradistal ga' ga꞉ṣ ga꞉j ga꞉n ga꞉m

Grammar Notes

Plurals

  • Plural marking is non-obligatory and often omitted, especially when number can be inferred from context.
  • Speakers can disagree on the form of a plural, or whether a noun can be pluralized at all.
    Hill and Zepeda (1998) describe a consultant who would not pluralize ceaḍagĭ "Gila monster", since it was so unlikely to find more than one of the large, solitary lizards in a single place. The plural form provided by other consultants was cecaḍagĭ.
  • Plurals are generally formed via reduplication:
    gogs "dog" → gogogs
    o꞉ṣaḍ "jaguar" → o'oṣaḍ
  • The rules that determine consonant changes and vowel length are not always clear, and can vary from speaker to speaker.
    cu꞉l "hip, corner" → cu꞉cpul, cucpul, cu꞉cul
    si꞉s "older sibling" → si꞉sig, si꞉si'a, si꞉si'ag, sisis

Multiplicity

Of things

  • Four categories: subject, object, extended, and referential
    • Subject number, e.g. bagat "to get angry (sg)" → babgat "to get angry (pl)"
    • Object number, e.g. huḍñid "to take a thing down" → huhuḍsid "to take things down"
    • Extended number refers to things that are neither subjects nor objects, e.g. gogsga "to have a dog" → gogogsga "to have many dogs"
    • Referential number is part the indefinite quantifier or stative verbs, e.g. cem "small (sg)" → ce'ecem "small (pl)"

Of events

  • Two categories: nonlocalized reiterative and successive
    • Reiterative refers to an identical action repeated in rapid succession, e.g. bisck "to sneeze once" → biscek "to sneeze several times"
    • Successive refers to several actors performing the same action one after another, e.g. i'i- "to drink" → i'iad "to drink in succession"

Of places

  • Three categories: postpositional, numeral, and locative
    • Postpositional number, e.g. ba꞉ṣo "against a thing" → babṣo "against many things"
    • Numeral number, e.g. go꞉k "two" → go'ogok "groups of two"
    • Locative number, e.g. ama'i "down there (in one place)" → a'amai "down there (in many places)"

Localized multiplicity

  • Three categories: nominal, localized aspect, and personal
    • Four types of nominals: type 1, type 2, mass, and aggregate
      • Type 1 nouns have three levels: singular, plural, and distributive, e.g. wisilo, wipsilo, wippsilo "calf/calves"
      • Type 2 nouns have two levels: singular and nonsingular, e.g. ban, ba꞉ban "coyote/coyotes"
      • Mass nouns have two levels: singular and nonsingular, e.g. ṣudagĭ, ṣuṣudagĭ "water/waters"
      • Aggregate nouns have two levels: nondistributive and distributive, e.g. taḍai, tataḍai "roadrunner/roadrunners"
    • Three types of localized aspects: class 1, class 2, and class 3
      • Class 1 verbs have three levels: unitive, repetitive, and distributive, e.g. nai, na꞉nda, na꞉nad "to make a fire"
      • Class 2 verbs have two levels: unitive and nonunitive, e.g. hehem, hehhem "to laugh"
      • Class 3 verbs have two levels: nondistributive and distributive, e.g. cekṣan, ceckṣan "to draw a line"

Derivations

ce꞉kĭ "to put something somewhere"

Definite Indefinite Correlative Durative Interrogative Hortative Imperative (sg) Completive
"to go a distance"
(sg)
ceka cekahim
"to go a distance"
(distr)
ce꞉cka
"to put somewhere"
(sgo)
ce꞉ cekka'i (imd) cekhim ce꞉kĭ cekañ cekiok
cekioka'i (imd)
"to get put somewhere"
(sg)
ece꞉ ecekiok
ecekioka'i (imd)
"to put somewhere"
(sgo, repet)
cecka ceckad ceckahim
"to put somewhere"
(sgo, distr)
ce꞉cka ce꞉cka
"to put somewhere for somebody"
(sgo)
ce꞉kĭ cekid cekidahim cekid
"to have where it was put"
(sgo)
cekĭc cekĭcid cekĭckahim
"to carry"
(sgo)
cekĭcug

hidoḍ "to cook"

  • hidoḍas "to have been cooked"
  • hidoḍakuḍ "cooking pot"
  • hihidoḍdam "a cook (one who cooks many things)"
Definite Indefinite Correlative Durative Interrogative Hortative Imperative (sg) Imperative (pl) Completive
"to cook something"
(sg, unit)
hido hidoḍ hidoḍk
hidoḍka'i (imm)
hidoḍ hidoḍañ hidoḍo
"to cook something repeatedly"
(repet)
hihidoḍ
"to cook several things"
(mult)
hihido hihidoḍ
"to cook"
(distr)
hihhidoḍ hihhidoḍ
"to get cooked"
(refl)
ehido
"to cook something for someone"
(sg)
hidol hidolid
"to cook several things for someone"
(sg)
hihidol hihidolid

ge'e "big"

Definite Indefinite Correlative Immediative Durative Interrogative
"to be big"
(sg)
ge'ejk ge'ej ge'ejkad ge'ejkahim
"to be big"
(pl)
ge'ege'eḍaj
"to grow"
(sg, intr)
ge'e ge'eḍ ge'eḍk ge'eḍka'i ge'eḍad ge'elhim
"to grow"
(pl, intr)
ge'ege'e ge'egeḍ ge'egeḍk ge'egeḍka'i ge'egelhim
"to grow"
(sgo, tr)
ge'el ge'elid
"to grow"
(plo, tr)
ge'ege'el ge'ege'elid

Short words

  • A꞉ - see "a꞉g"
  • AB - 1. postp, on something; 2. stat, to be up to someone
  • A꞉G - 1. tr, to say something; 2. refl, to confide
  • AHI - 1. tr, to reach; 2. refl, to reach a state
  • AI - see "ahi"
  • AJ - 1. adj, long and narrow
  • A꞉J - 1. tr, to put something around the neck
  • AKĬ - 1. n, wash, arroyo
  • ALI - 1. n, child; 2. stat, to be a child
  • ALO - 1. adv, a while, almost
  • A꞉N - 1. n, desert broom
  • AP - 1. adj, good; 2. adv, well, able
  • APE - 1. intr, to be good; 2. tr, to please; 3. intr.impers, to be fine; 4. tr.impers, to be okay with; 5. refl, to get along
  • AṢ - 1. tr, to laugh at something
  • AT - 1. n, rear, end; 2. stat, to have a rear end, to be the end
  • A'AI - 1. adv, in many directions; 2. adv, one another
  • BA꞉ - 1. pron, where?
  • BAN - 1. n, coyote
  • E꞉B - 1. intr, to stop crying
  • EḌ - see "eḍa"
  • EḌA - 1. postp, in, inside; 2. postp, at (time); 3. adv, in the middle; 4. conj, while, then, but, still
  • EP - 1. part, again, also, too
  • EṢ - 1. n, chin; 2. stat, to have a chin
  • I - 1. stat, to be it
  • IA - 1. n, saguaro fruit pulp; 2. tr, to pick/peel saguaro fruits
  • I꞉'A - 1. stat, to be here
  • I꞉DA - 1. adj, this
  • I꞉'E - 1. tr, to drink repeatedly
  • I'I - 1. tr, to drink; 2. refl, to be drunk by someone
  • I꞉M - 1. tr, to address using kinship terms
  • I꞉N - 1. n, soot
  • I꞉S - 1. stat, to be in a container
  • I꞉T - 1. tr, to get a containerful
  • O - 1. conj, or
  • O꞉ - see "oḍ"
  • O꞉B - 1. n, Apache
  • OḌ - 1. tr, to harvest
  • O꞉G - 1. n, father, father's older brother; 2. stat, to be a father
  • OI - 1. part, soon, right away
  • OIA - 1. conj, consequently, then, however
  • OID - 1. tr, to follow
  • ON - 1. n, salt
  • O꞉'O - 1. n, bones
  • O꞉'OG - 1. n, tears; 2. impers, to be full of bones
  • O꞉T - 1. intr, to drip, leak
  • OVI - 1. n, opponent, partner
  • U'A - 1. tr, to bring along
  • U꞉G - 1. n, bones
  • UM - 1. adj, high; 2. stat, to be high
  • U꞉S - 1. n, stick, post, bush
  • U꞉Ṣ - 1. n, stinger, arrowhead; 2. stat, to have a stinger
  • U'U - 1. tr, to get, take; 2. refl, to be captured, chosen
  • UWĬ - 1. n, woman of childbearing age, sister, female; 2. stat, to be a woman
  • U꞉W - 1. stat, to have a particular smell

Orthography

See also: O'odham language (Orthography)
  • There are currently two spelling standards for O'odham: Alvarez-Hale and Saxton. Primary entries are in Alvarez-Hale with some exceptions:
    • No word-initial glottal stops ', so 'O'odham is rendered O'odham.
    • Wiktionary does not support entries containing the regular colon :, so all instances must be replaced with the modifier letter colon .
  • V and W are broadly interchangeable. The former predominates in Akimel O'odham and the latter in Tohono O'odham. Wikipedia lists vainom "knife" and wuai "(blacktail) deer" as representative words; however these can also be written vainomĭ/wainom and huavĭ/huawĭ, depending on the dialect and personal preference of the speaker. New entries on Wiktionary will use W with the understanding that:
    1. The letter W may be realized as /v/ or /w/ depending on the dialect.
    2. A single spelling is chosen for convenience, but no single spelling is considered "correct".

Templates

Nouns

Entries

Anatomy

Animals

Singular Plural English Scientific name
babad babbad
ban ba꞉ban coyote Canis latrans
ba'ag ba꞉ba'ag (babag) golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos
ca꞉ŋgo cacaŋgo Example Example
cu꞉wĭ Example Example Example
gogs gogogs

Botany

  • Aggregative/Distributive
Singular Plural English Scientific name
*bawĭ ba꞉bawĭ tepary bean Phaseolus acutifolius
*cucuwis cucuis organpipe cactus Stenocereus thurberi
*gepĭ watermelon Citrullus lanatus
*hanamĭ cane cholla Cylindropuntia imbricata
ha꞉ṣañ hahaṣañ saguaro Carnegiea gigantea

Birds

  • Aggregative/Distributive
Singular Plural English Scientific name
hogkaḍ hohogkaḍ cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
*kuḍuwic kulwickam crissal thrasher Toxostoma crissale
*ku꞉ku'ul burrowing owl Athene cunicularia
*gi꞉sobĭ verdin Auriparus flaviceps
] ] w: '
] ] w: '
] ] w: '
] ] w: '
] ] w: '

People/Kinship

Miscellaneous

Placenames

English/Spanish O'odham Meaning
Ak-Chin Akĭ Ciñ "mouth of a wash"
Ali Chuk Ali Jeg "little clearing"
Ali Chukson Ali Cuk Ṣon "little black foothill"
Anegam A꞉ngam "place with desert brooms"
Baboquivari Wa꞉w Giwulk "constricted rock"
Caborca Kawulk "hill with rocks"
Chiawuli Tak Jiawul Dak "barrel cactus sits"
Chukut Kuk Cukuḍ Ku꞉k "owl hoots"
Comobabi Ko꞉m Wawhi "hackberry spring"
Guevavi Ge'e Wawhi "big spring"
Gu Achi Ge'e Aj "big narrow"
Gu Vo Ge'e Wo'o "big pond"
Hickiwan Hikiwañ "jagged"
Komatke Komaḍk "flat"
Saric Ṣa'alk "mountain pass"
Sasabe Ṣaṣawk "where there is an echo"
Sif Oidak Siw Oidag "bitter field"
Tubac Cu꞉wag "full of jackrabbits"
Tubutama Cew Da꞉m "long on top"
Tucson Cuk Ṣon "black foothill"
Tucubavia Cuk Wahia "black spring"
Tumacacori Cemag Gakolk "crooked limestone"
Tumamoc Cemamagĭ "horned toad"
Tutumaoyda Cu'ucum Oidag "small fields"

Months

English
July Jukiabig Maṣad
"Big Rains Month"
Jukiabig Maṣad
"Rainy Month"
Ha꞉ṣañ-Bahidag Maṣad
"Saguaro Crop Month"
August Sopol 'Esabig Maṣad
"Short Planting Month"
Ṣopol E'esbig Maṣad
"Short Planting Month"
Ṣopol 'Esiabig Maṣad
"Short Planting Month"
September Wasai Gakidag Maṣad
"Dry Grass Month"
Vaṣai Gakidag Maṣad
"Dry Grass Month"
Vaṣai-Gakidag Maṣad
"Dried Out Month"
October I'al Ju꞉pig Maṣad
"Small Rains Month"
Sepijig Maṣad
"Cold month"
Cem She꞉pijig Maṣad / Pipiast Maṣad
"Small Cold Month" / "Month of Feasts"
November S-ke꞉g S-he꞉pijig Maṣad
"Pleasant Cold Month"
Soam Maṣad / U'velig Maṣad
"Yellow Month" / "Deer Month"
'Uam Maṣad / Vi'ihañig Maṣad
"Yellow Month" / "Frosty Month"
December Ge'e S-he꞉pijig Maṣad
"Big Cold Month"
Skomagĭ Maṣad
"Gray Month"
Ge'e She꞉pijig Maṣad
"Big Cold Month"
January Gakimdag Maṣad
"Animals Lose Fat Month"
Aupa I'ivagidag Maṣad
"Cottonwood Leafing Month"
'U꞉walig Maṣad / Gi꞉khoḍag Maṣad
"Deer Month" / "Marigold Month"
February U꞉walig Maṣad
"Deer Month"
Aupa Hyosik Maṣad
"Cottonwood Blooming Month"
Ko꞉magi Maṣad / To꞉nto Maṣad
"Gray Month" / "Crazy Month"
March Ce꞉dagi Maṣad
"Green Month"
Kui I'ivagidag Maṣad
"Mesquite Leafing Month"
Ce꞉dagi Maṣad
"Green Month"
April Uam Maṣad
"Yellow Month"
Kui Hyosik Maṣad
"Mesquite Blooming Month"
'Uam Maṣad
"Yellow Month"
May U'us Wihogdag Maṣad
"Mesquite Bean Harvest Month"
Kai Cuklig Maṣad
"Black Seed Month"
Sko'ok Maṣad
"Painful Month"
June Ha꞉ṣañ Ba꞉k Maṣad
"Saguaro Fruit Month"
Haṣañ Baidag Maṣad
"Saguaro Fruit Month"
Stoñ Maṣad
"Hot Month"

Workbook