User:Sumiaz/O'odham

• Kroeber, 1939: "the Pima-Tepehuan distribution is peculiar; a belt or ribbon from the Gila to the Santiago, eight hundred miles in an air line, with a single interruption of a tenth that distance around the upper Fuerte; never touching the sea except in the desert of Papagueria, yet lying on the west of the Sirra Madre north of the brief break, and on the east flank to the south; altogether a unique distribution in North America. The component languages, which are closely similar, are Papago, Pima Alto and Bajo, Tepehuan, and Tepecano."
• Sauer, 1934, noted of the belt that:
  • It is broken by a deep intrusion of the Opata and Cahita languages, but Piman to the north and Tepehuan to the south were so similar that Spanish annalists used the terms interchangeably.
  • There is very little dialectical variation.
  • There is very little geographic or climatic continuity.
  • There is high cultural diversity, ranging from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary farmers.
• The Piman or Tepiman languages are a family within the Uto-Aztecan group. Shaul and Hill (1998) identify the following branches:
  1. Upper Piman, including Akimel O'odham (Pima) and Tohono O'odham (Papago) spoken in southern Arizona.
  2. Altar Piman, historically spoken along the Altar and Concepción River valleys of northern Sonora.
  3. Ati Piman, historically spoken along the Gulf of California.
  4. Lower Piman, including Pima Bajo spoken around Onavas in Sonora. May include the now-extinct Nevome.
  5. Mountain Piman, including Pima Bajo spoken around Maycoba and Yecora in Sonora, and Yepachic in Chihuahua.
  6. Tepehuan, split into two major sub-branches: Northern Tepehuan, spoken in southern Chihuahua, and Southern Tepehuan, spoken in southern Durango.

• A variety documented around Atíl, Sonora by Jesuit missionary Ignaz Pfefferkorn.
• Notable for being particularly divergent:
  • Pronouns: serei "he, she, it"; niape "we"; pinapi "you (pl)"; seserei "they"
  • Pronominal case markers: singular object -(u)m; plural object -ua; posessive -i
  • Plurals are formed with the suffix -(b)uri, instead of by reduplication
  • Imperatives are formed by truncation instead of suffixation

1. G words - Generally concrete, tangible nouns; any word suffixed with "-dag." Arguments or predicates.
2. S- words - Stative verbs, referring to attributes or properties. Predicates or modifiers.
3. Zero element words - Words that take neither "s-" nor "g," referring to events or actions. Always predicates.
4. Mixed element words - Words that take "s-" but not always "g;" often derived words. Predicates or arguments.
5. Particles

• The g element is non-obligatory. It is always omitted when:
  • A sentence starts with g.
  • The sentence contains the copula wud.
  • The word is within a postpositional phrase.
  • The word functions as the predicate.

• The s- element is non-obligatory. It is always omitted when:
  • Preceded by the negative pi.

Based on Mathiot's "Papago Semantics," in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10.

PREFIX 2 - PREFIX 1 - STEM - SUFFIX 1 - SUFFIX 2 - SUFFIX 3 - SUFFIX 4

• Napt o piastam? "Are you on your way to the feast?"

• Napt am o piastam? "Do you plan on going to the feast?"

• Plural marking is non-obligatory and often omitted, especially when number can be inferred from context.
• Speakers can disagree on the form of a plural, or whether a noun can be pluralized at all.

  Hill and Zepeda (1998) describe a consultant who would not pluralize ceaḍagĭ "Gila monster", since it was so unlikely to find more than one of the large, solitary lizards in a single place. The plural form provided by other consultants was cecaḍagĭ.

• Plurals are generally formed via reduplication:

  gogs "dog" → gogogs

  o꞉ṣaḍ "jaguar" → o'oṣaḍ

• The rules that determine consonant changes and vowel length are not always clear, and can vary from speaker to speaker.

  cu꞉l "hip, corner" → cu꞉cpul, cucpul, cu꞉cul

  si꞉s "older sibling" → si꞉sig, si꞉si'a, si꞉si'ag, sisis

• Four categories: subject, object, extended, and referential
  • Subject number, e.g. bagat "to get angry (sg)" → babgat "to get angry (pl)"
  • Object number, e.g. huḍñid "to take a thing down" → huhuḍsid "to take things down"
  • Extended number refers to things that are neither subjects nor objects, e.g. gogsga "to have a dog" → gogogsga "to have many dogs"
  • Referential number is part the indefinite quantifier or stative verbs, e.g. cem "small (sg)" → ce'ecem "small (pl)"

• Two categories: nonlocalized reiterative and successive
  • Reiterative refers to an identical action repeated in rapid succession, e.g. bisck "to sneeze once" → biscek "to sneeze several times"
  • Successive refers to several actors performing the same action one after another, e.g. i'i- "to drink" → i'iad "to drink in succession"

• Three categories: postpositional, numeral, and locative
  • Postpositional number, e.g. ba꞉ṣo "against a thing" → babṣo "against many things"
  • Numeral number, e.g. go꞉k "two" → go'ogok "groups of two"
  • Locative number, e.g. ama'i "down there (in one place)" → a'amai "down there (in many places)"

• Three categories: nominal, localized aspect, and personal
  • Four types of nominals: type 1, type 2, mass, and aggregate
    • Type 1 nouns have three levels: singular, plural, and distributive, e.g. wisilo, wipsilo, wippsilo "calf/calves"
    • Type 2 nouns have two levels: singular and nonsingular, e.g. ban, ba꞉ban "coyote/coyotes"
    • Mass nouns have two levels: singular and nonsingular, e.g. ṣudagĭ, ṣuṣudagĭ "water/waters"
    • Aggregate nouns have two levels: nondistributive and distributive, e.g. taḍai, tataḍai "roadrunner/roadrunners"
  • Three types of localized aspects: class 1, class 2, and class 3
    • Class 1 verbs have three levels: unitive, repetitive, and distributive, e.g. nai, na꞉nda, na꞉nad "to make a fire"
    • Class 2 verbs have two levels: unitive and nonunitive, e.g. hehem, hehhem "to laugh"
    • Class 3 verbs have two levels: nondistributive and distributive, e.g. cekṣan, ceckṣan "to draw a line"

• hidoḍas "to have been cooked"
• hidoḍakuḍ "cooking pot"
• hihidoḍdam "a cook (one who cooks many things)"

• A꞉ - see "a꞉g"
• AB - 1. postp, on something; 2. stat, to be up to someone
• A꞉G - 1. tr, to say something; 2. refl, to confide
• AHI - 1. tr, to reach; 2. refl, to reach a state
• AI - see "ahi"
• AJ - 1. adj, long and narrow
• A꞉J - 1. tr, to put something around the neck
• AKĬ - 1. n, wash, arroyo
• ALI - 1. n, child; 2. stat, to be a child
• ALO - 1. adv, a while, almost
• A꞉N - 1. n, desert broom
• AP - 1. adj, good; 2. adv, well, able
• APE - 1. intr, to be good; 2. tr, to please; 3. intr.impers, to be fine; 4. tr.impers, to be okay with; 5. refl, to get along
• AṢ - 1. tr, to laugh at something
• AT - 1. n, rear, end; 2. stat, to have a rear end, to be the end
• A'AI - 1. adv, in many directions; 2. adv, one another
• BA꞉ - 1. pron, where?
• BAN - 1. n, coyote
• E꞉B - 1. intr, to stop crying
• EḌ - see "eḍa"
• EḌA - 1. postp, in, inside; 2. postp, at (time); 3. adv, in the middle; 4. conj, while, then, but, still
• EP - 1. part, again, also, too
• EṢ - 1. n, chin; 2. stat, to have a chin
• I - 1. stat, to be it
• IA - 1. n, saguaro fruit pulp; 2. tr, to pick/peel saguaro fruits
• I꞉'A - 1. stat, to be here
• I꞉DA - 1. adj, this
• I꞉'E - 1. tr, to drink repeatedly
• I'I - 1. tr, to drink; 2. refl, to be drunk by someone
• I꞉M - 1. tr, to address using kinship terms
• I꞉N - 1. n, soot
• I꞉S - 1. stat, to be in a container
• I꞉T - 1. tr, to get a containerful
• O - 1. conj, or
• O꞉ - see "oḍ"
• O꞉B - 1. n, Apache
• OḌ - 1. tr, to harvest
• O꞉G - 1. n, father, father's older brother; 2. stat, to be a father
• OI - 1. part, soon, right away
• OIA - 1. conj, consequently, then, however
• OID - 1. tr, to follow
• ON - 1. n, salt
• O꞉'O - 1. n, bones
• O꞉'OG - 1. n, tears; 2. impers, to be full of bones
• O꞉T - 1. intr, to drip, leak
• OVI - 1. n, opponent, partner
• U'A - 1. tr, to bring along
• U꞉G - 1. n, bones
• UM - 1. adj, high; 2. stat, to be high
• U꞉S - 1. n, stick, post, bush
• U꞉Ṣ - 1. n, stinger, arrowhead; 2. stat, to have a stinger
• U'U - 1. tr, to get, take; 2. refl, to be captured, chosen
• UWĬ - 1. n, woman of childbearing age, sister, female; 2. stat, to be a woman
• U꞉W - 1. stat, to have a particular smell

See also: O'odham language (Orthography)

• There are currently two spelling standards for O'odham: Alvarez-Hale and Saxton. Primary entries are in Alvarez-Hale with some exceptions:
  • No word-initial glottal stops ', so 'O'odham is rendered O'odham.
  • Wiktionary does not support entries containing the regular colon :, so all instances must be replaced with the modifier letter colon ꞉.
• V and W are broadly interchangeable. The former predominates in Akimel O'odham and the latter in Tohono O'odham. Wikipedia lists vainom "knife" and wuai "(blacktail) deer" as representative words; however these can also be written vainomĭ/wainom and huavĭ/huawĭ, depending on the dialect and personal preference of the speaker. New entries on Wiktionary will use W with the understanding that:
  1. The letter W may be realized as /v/ or /w/ depending on the dialect.
  2. A single spelling is chosen for convenience, but no single spelling is considered "correct".

==O'odham==

===Noun===
{{head|ood|noun|plural|PLURAL}}

# ]

==O'odham==

===Noun===
{{head|ood|noun plural form}}
# {{plural of|SGNOUN|lang=ood}}

==O'odham==

===Noun===
{{head|ood|noun}}

# {{alternative form of|NOUN|lang=ood}}

• kahio, kakio
• na꞉k (nahk), na꞉nk

• haiwañ (haiwani), hahaiwañ
• kawiyu (kaviyu)
• mi꞉stol (mihstol), mimistol
• nanakmel
• to꞉bĭ, totobĭ

• Aggregative/Distributive

• Aggregative/Distributive

• ali, a'al
• ba꞉b, ba꞉ba'a (ba꞉bab)
• ceoj (cioj), cecoj
• cehia, cecia
• hu'ul, huhu'ul (hu꞉hu'ul)
• je'e, je꞉j
• ka꞉k, ka꞉ka'a (ka꞉ka'ak, kakak)
• o꞉g, o'og
• o'odham
• uwĭ (uvĭ), u'uwĭ
• wakial (vakial), wapkial
• wosk (vosk), wopsk

• do'ag, do꞉da'ag (dodo'ag)
• hewel (hevel)
• hodai, hohodai
• ki꞉, ki꞉kĭ
• lu꞉lsi (lulsi)
• sibiyo (sisbiyo)
• toki

• Tohono O'odham Traditional Calendar, Tohono O'odham Community Action.
• O'odham Ñiokĭ O'ohana, Salt River O'odham Piipaash Language Program.
• Mathiot M. Tohono O'odham-English Dictionary.