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Suffix Order
The orders described below are general guidelines, not hard-and-fast rules.
Muysken (1986)
- ROOT - Valence (RECP, DES, CAUS) - Voice - Valence (REFL, BEN) - Aspect - Object - Tense - Subject - Number - Mood
Kelly (2011)
David Weber (1996) describes Huallaga Quechua as utilizing an "inflectional complex" of suffixes, broken down into the obligatory "transitional" suffixes, and the optional "pre-" and "post-transitional" suffixes. The term "transition" is taken from colonial-era descriptions of Quechua, referring to those suffixes that express the relationship between subject and object.
- Niamh Kelly's order (2011):
- Pretransitional: VBZ - MDF - AUX - DIR
- Transitional: OBJ - PROG - PST - 1.SBJ.FUT - IMP - 3.SBJ - 2.OBJ - 3.SBJ.FUT - PL.SBJ/OBJ - COND
- Posttransitional: NUAC - EV - POSTPOS
Pre-Transitional Order
- Derivational suffixes tend to come first.
- k'uspa "curly" → k'uspachay "to make curly"
Examples
| maqaykuwananpaq
|
| maqa-yku-wa-na-n-paq
|
| hit-INT-1.OBJ-SUB-3S.SBJ-BEN
|
| "so that he hits me"
|
| nina k'uspachachkan aqchanta
|
| nina |
k'uspa-cha-chka-n |
aqcha-n-ta
|
| fire |
curly-CAUS-PROG-3S.SBJ |
hair-3S.POS-ACC
|
| "the fire is making his hair curly"
|
| uyawarqanki
|
| uya-wa-rqa-nki
|
| hear-1.OBJ-PST.M-2S.SBJ
|
| "you heard me"
|
Radius of Influence
| liyita yachachiwanqa
|
| liyi-ta |
yacha-chi-wa-nqa
|
| read-ACC |
know-CAUS-1.OBJ-3S.SBJ.FUT
|
| "he will teach me to read"
|
| aruchiysisun
|
| aru-chi-ysi-su-n
|
| work-CAUS-AST-2.OBJ-3S.SBJ
|
| "he'll make someone else work for you"
|
| aruysichisun
|
| aru-ysi-chi-su-n
|
| work-AST-CAUS-2.OBJ-3S.SBJ
|
| "he'll make you help someone else to work"
|
| kay wallpata wañuchipuykuway
|
| kay |
wallpa-ta |
wañu-chi-pu-yku-wa-y
|
| this |
chicken-ACC |
die-CAUS-BEN-INT-1.OBJ-IMP
|
| "please kill this chicken for me"
|
| kay wallpata wañuykuchipuway
|
| kay |
wallpa-ta |
wañu-yku-chi-pu-wa-y
|
| this |
chicken-ACC |
die-INT-CAUS-BEN-1.OBJ-IMP
|
| "make them kill this chicken for me"
|
Abbreviations
Abbreviations tend to follow those listed on Wikipedia, but a few differences exist:
- A distinction is made between Causal -rayku and Causative -cha/-chi
- The glosses EV and PST are accompanied by M (first-hand info) or S (second-hand info):
- M-Evidential -m(i); Experienced M-Past -rqa
- S-Evidential -s(i); Reported S-Past -sqa
- The gloss Object usually refers to the direct object, although in some contexts it may refer to an indirect object.
- The nominative case , carrying no particular suffix, is unmarked and ignored in glosses.
- The suffix -man is variably treated as a dative or illative case. This page analyzes it as a lative case.
List
1=First-person; 2=Second-person; 3=Third-person; ABE=Abessive; ABL=Ablative; ACC=Accusative; ASC=Associative; AST=Assistive; AUX=Auxiliary; BEN=Benefactive; CAL=Causal; CAUS=Causative; COM=Comitative; COMP=Comparative; DES=Desiderative; DIR=Directional; DSTR=Distributive; DUR=Durative; EV=Evidential; EX=Exclusive; FUT=Future; GEN=Genitive; IMP=Imperative; IN=Inclusive; INS=Instrumental; INT=Intensifier; ITR=Iterative; LAT=Lative; LOC=Locative; MDF=Modifier; NUAC=Nuance; OBJ=Object; PL=Plural; POS=Possessive; PROG=Progressive; PST=Past; RECP=Reciprocal; REFL=Reflexive; SG=Singular; SBJ=Subject; SUB=Subordinator; TERM=Terminative; VBZ=Verbalizer