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User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison you have here. The definition of the word
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User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
- en.wikt: currently used on English Wiktionary, largely based on UEW
- UEW: used by Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Károly Rédei), which is hosted online under uralonet.nytud.hu
- Aikio: based on Ante Aikio's Uralic Etymological Dictionary (draft) as well as his monograph Proto-Uralic
- EVE: by Petri Kallio, used by EVE
- Zhivlov: Mikhail Zhivlov (2023): Reconstruction of Proto-Uralic, in The Uralic Languages, 2nd edition
Vowels
Initial vowels
| en.wikt
|
*a |
*e |
*i |
*o |
*u |
*ä |
*ü
|
*ë
|
—
|
| UEW
|
*e̮
|
*ē *ī *ū1
|
| Aikio
|
*i̮
|
—
|
| EVE
|
*i |
? *ï2
|
*ë
|
| Zhivlov
|
*i
|
*e̮
|
- 1) UEW also reconstructs long vowels *ē *ī *ū for some words. However, modern consensus regarding Proto-Uralic is that it had no phonemic vowel length distinction.
- 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this is inconsistent. It is not listed in the EVE dictionary entries, but is listed in the Proto-Finnic database and is presumably their explanation for words with i-(a) vocalism in Finnic where the initial i is represented by a back vowel in some other branches (e.g. *kïśka-, *ńïla).
Non-initial vowels
| en.wikt
|
*a |
*ä
|
*e
|
| UEW
|
| Aikio
|
*i
|
| EVE
|
*ə |
? *ǝ̑2
|
| Zhivlov
|
*i
|
- 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this phoneme is inconsistent. Some of their reconstructions use it (including all reconstructions in the PF database) and others do not.
Consonants
Sibilants and affricates
| en.wikt
|
*s |
*š
|
*ś |
*ć
|
*č
|
| UEW
|
| Aikio
|
*ś
|
| EVE
|
*ś |
*ć
|
| Zhivlov
|
*ć
|
Palatalized sonorants
| en.wikt
|
*ń
|
*ľ́
|
| UEW
|
| Aikio
|
—
|
| EVE
|
| Zhivlov
|
Spirants/coronals
Sometimes transcribed as *d1, *d2
| en.wikt
|
*d/*δ3 |
*ď/*δ̕3
|
| UEW
|
*δ
|
*δ̕
|
| Aikio
|
*d
|
*ď
|
| EVE
|
| Zhivlov
|
*δ
|
*δʹ
|
"Laryngeal"
Possibly according to Aikio (2022)
| en.wikt
|
*x
|
| UEW
|
*γ
|
| Aikio
|
*x
|
| EVE
|
| Zhivlov
|
Additional consonants
UEW reconstructs a consonant *θ which is however not recognized by Aikio, EVE nor Zhivlov. No PU entry on en.wikt currently uses it.