User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰeyGʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*dʰeygʰ-

1. to smear, knead

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• *dʰéygʰ-ti ~ *dʰigʰ-énti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *diganą (“to smear, plaster”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáygdʰi
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáygdʰi
      • Sanskrit: देग्धि (dégdhi, “to plaster”)
    • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰigdʰás (“painted, smeared”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *digdʰás
        • Sanskrit: दिग्ध (digdhá)

• *dʰi-né-gʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-gʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tʰingánō
    • Ancient Greek: θιγγάνω (thingánō, “to touch”)
      • Ancient Greek: Ἀθίγγανος (Athínganos)
  • Proto-Italic: *fingō (“to shape, form”)
    • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌚𐌉𐌊𐌄𐌃 (fifiked, 3sg.perf.), 𐌚𐌉𐌒𐌏𐌃 (fiqod, 3pl.perf.)
    • Latin: fingō (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *fiktos
      • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌉𐌕𐌀 (fita)
      • Latin: fictus (see there for further descendants)

• *dʰóygʰ-o-s (“dough”)^[1]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *děža (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *daigaz (see there for further descendants)

• *dʰigʰ-ló-s
  • Proto-Italic: *fiɣlos
    • Latin: figulus (“potter”)
      • ⇒ Latin: figūra (see there for further descendants)

*dʰeyǵʰ-^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

1. to heap up, build

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• *dʰéyǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰiǵʰ-énti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyždʰi ~ *dʰiȷ́ʰánti
    • Proto-Iranian: *dáyždi ~ *diȷ́ánti

• *dʰoyǵʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)^[2]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰayȷ́ʰáyati (“a build, heap up, wall in”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dayȷ́áyati
      • Khotanese: (däś-, “to heap up”)
      • Sogdian: (“to build”)

        Old Sogdian script: (δštʾy, perf.pass.)

        Syriac script: (dysnyt, pl.pres.)

      • Parthian: (/⁠dēsēd⁠/, “to build, create”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫅 (dysyd)

        • ⇒ Parthian: (/⁠āndēšt⁠/, “to heap together”)

          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫏𐫢𐫤 (ʾndyšt)

      • Middle Persian: (/⁠dēsēd⁠/, “to build, create”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫏𐫘𐫏𐫅 (dysyd)

        Book Pahlavi script: dysyt (dysyt)

      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *paridayȷ́áyati (“to build, fence (around)”) (+ *pari- (“around”))
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬄𐬥 (paⁱri.daēzaiiąn, “to build, fence (around)”, 3pl.pres.caus.subj.)
        • Khwarezmian: (prdys-, “to repair (wall)”)
        • Ossetian: (“to make; to consecrate”)

          Digor Ossetian: (fældesun)

          Iron Ossetian: (fældisyn)

          • ⇒ Ossetian: (“to weld (metal); to recover (from an illness)”)

            Digor Ossetian: (ændeʒun)

            Iron Ossetian: (ændiʒyn)

        • Sogdian: (“to build”)

          Manichaean script: (prδys, perf.pass.)

        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *paridayȷ́ah (“garden”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *uzdáyzati (+ *ud-)

• *dʰi-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-ǵʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: դիզանեմ (dizanem, “to amass”)

• *dʰéyǵʰ-o-s^[7]
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: դէզ (dēz, “a heap, pile”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *téikʰos (“a wall, fortification”)
    • Ancient Greek: τεῖχος (teîkhos)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰáyȷ́ʰas ~ *dʰiȷ́ʰás (“a wall, fortification”)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dáyźʰas ~ *diźʰás
      • Sanskrit: देह (déha), देही (dehī́, “surrounding wall”)
        • Early Assamese: দেহা (deha)
          • Assamese: দেহা (deha)
    • Proto-Iranian: *dáyȷ́ah ~ *diȷ́áh
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀 (daēza, “wall”)
      • Bactrian: λιζα (liza), λιζο (lizo)
      • Khwarezmian: dyzʾ
      • Kurdish: diz (diz)
      • → Middle Persian: dyz (diz)
        • Persian: دز (dez), دژ (dež)
      • Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎭𐎠 (didā-, “fortress”)
      • Parthian: dyz (diz)
      • Sogdian: (ẟyz), (ẟyzʾ)
  • Proto-Italic: *feiɣos (“a wall”)
    • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌔𐌔 (feíhúss, acc.pl.), 𐌚𐌄𐌝𐌇𐌞𐌉𐌔 (feíhúis, abl.pl.)

• *dʰóyǵʰ-o-s^[8]
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tóikʰos (“a wall”)
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀵𐀒𐀈𐀗 (to-ko-do-mo /⁠toikʰo-domos⁠/)
    • Ancient Greek: τοῖχος (toîkhos)

Metathesized *ǵʰeydʰ-

• *ǵʰeydʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: žiẽsti
    • Slavic: *zьdati (“to build”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰeydʰ-o-s
  • Balto-Slavic: *źéidas
    • Old Prussian: seydis
    • Slavic: *zidъ (“a wall”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰidʰ-i-s
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Slavic: *zьdь

*dʰeygʷʰ-

1. to press out, eject

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• *dʰi-né-gʷʰ-ti ~ *dʰi-n-gʷʰ-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *dingeti
    • Old Irish: dingid
    • Celtiberian: ambitinkounei