| No. |
English gloss |
E |
Comparanda
|
| 1 |
I |
ku¹ |
Proto-Tai *kuːᴬ
|
| 2 |
you (singular) |
ŋ̩² |
|
| 3 |
he |
mɔ⁶ |
|
| 4 |
we (exclusive) |
kju¹ |
|
| we (inclusive & exclusive) |
lau² |
Proto-Tai *rawᴬ, Thai เรา (rao), Zhuang raeuz
|
| 5 |
you (plural) |
su¹ |
Proto-Southwestern Tai *suːᴬ, Thai สู (sǔu), Zhuang sou
|
| 6 |
they |
mɔ⁶ kjaːu¹ |
|
| 7 |
this |
kɔ⁵ |
|
| 8 |
that |
nɔ⁵ |
|
| 9 |
here |
pi⁵ han² |
|
| 10 |
there |
tɔ⁵ pi⁵ han², pjan⁵ han² |
|
| 11 |
who |
n̥aːu¹ |
|
| 12 |
what |
ɕi² maːŋ², maːŋ² |
|
| 13 |
where |
ʔni¹ han² |
|
| 14 |
when |
|
|
| 15 |
how |
|
|
| 16 |
not |
pat⁷, m̩² |
Middle Chinese 不, Cantonese 唔
|
| 17 |
all |
tsyn² |
Middle Chinese 全 (dzjwen)
|
| 18 |
many |
|
|
| 19 |
some |
|
|
| 20 |
few |
|
|
| 21 |
other |
|
|
| 22 |
one |
jet⁷ |
Middle Chinese 一 ('jit)
|
| 23 |
two |
ȵi⁶ |
Middle Chinese 二 (nyijH)
|
| sɔŋ¹ |
Proto-Tai *soːŋᴬ
|
| 24 |
three |
saːm¹ |
Proto-Tai *saːm
|
| 25 |
four |
si⁵ |
Proto-Tai *siːᴮ
|
| 26 |
five |
ŋ̥a³ |
Old Chinese 五 (*ŋaːʔ) or Proto-Tai *haːꟲ?
|
| ŋɔ³ |
Middle Chinese 五 (nguX)
|
| 27 |
big |
wɔk⁸ |
unclear
|
| 28 |
long |
l̥ai¹ |
Proto-Tai *rɯjᴬ, Zhuang raez
|
| 29 |
wide |
khut⁷ |
Middle Chinese 闊 (khwat)
|
| 30 |
thick |
n̥a¹ |
Proto-Tai *ʰnaːᴬ, Thai หนา (nǎa), Zhuang na
|
| 31 |
heavy |
n̥ak⁷ |
|
| 32 |
small |
ʔniŋ³ |
unclear
|
| 33 |
short |
ten³ |
Proto-Tai *tinᴮ, Zhuang dinj, ultimately Middle Chinese 短 (twanX)(?)
|
| 34 |
narrow |
hjep⁸ |
Proto-Tai *ɡapᴰ, Thai คับ (káp), Zhuang gaeb, ultimately Middle Chinese 狭
|
| 35 |
thin |
hwaːŋ¹ |
Proto-Tai *C̥.baːŋᴬ, Thai บาง (baang), Zhuang mbang
|
| - |
tall, high |
saːŋ¹ |
Zhuang sang
|
| - |
short, low |
tam⁵ |
Zhuang daemq
|
| 36 |
woman |
|
|
| 37 |
man (adult male) |
|
|
| 38 |
man (human being) |
|
|
| 39 |
child |
|
|
| 40 |
wife |
juk⁸ kja¹ |
|
| 41 |
husband |
ləu³ kɔŋ¹ |
Middle Chinese 老公
|
| lik⁸ kja¹ |
|
| 42 |
mother |
ma³, maːi⁵, tsia³ |
|
| 43 |
father |
ia¹, maːi², ɕɔk⁷, pa³, ləu³ ia¹ |
ia¹ from Middle Chinese 爺, others unclear
|
| 44 |
animal |
tɔŋ⁶ wat⁸ |
Middle Chinese 動物 (duwngX mjut)
|
| 45 |
fish |
phja¹ |
Proto-Tai *plaːᴬ
|
| 46 |
bird |
n̥ɔk⁷ |
Proto-Tai *C̬.nokᴰ
|
| 47 |
dog |
m̥a¹ |
Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ
|
| - |
pig |
m̥u¹ |
Proto-Tai *ʰmuːᴬ
|
| 48 |
louse |
|
|
| 49 |
snake |
taːŋ⁶ |
Liujiang Zhuang (taːŋ6)
|
| 50 |
worm |
tɕɔŋ² |
Middle Chinese 蟲
|
| 51 |
tree |
maːi³ |
Proto-Tai *mwajꟲ, Thai ไม้ (máai)
|
| 52 |
forest |
maːi³ ləm² |
"tree" + Middle Chinese 林 (lim)
|
| 53 |
stick |
|
|
| 54 |
fruit |
lik⁸ |
Proto-Tai *lɯ:kᴰ, Thai ลูก (lûuk), Zhuang lwg
|
| 55 |
seed |
pen³ |
Zhuang faen?
|
| 56 |
leaf |
hwei⁵ |
unclear
|
| 57 |
root |
n̥aːk⁷ |
Proto-Tai *C̬.raːkᴰ, Thai ราก (râak), Zhuang rag
|
| 58 |
bark (of a tree) |
maːi³ pi² |
"tree" + Middle Chinese 皮 (bje)
|
| 59 |
flower |
ʔmjɔk⁷ |
Proto-Tai *ɓloːkᴰ, Thai ดอก (dɔ̀ɔk), Shan မွၵ်ႇ (màuk)
|
| 60 |
grass |
ȵ̥ɔ³ |
Proto-Tai *ʰɲɯəꟲ, Zhuang nywj
|
| 61 |
rope |
|
|
| 62 |
skin |
pi² |
Middle Chinese 皮 (bje)
|
| 63 |
meat |
|
|
| 64 |
blood |
lyt⁸ |
|
| 65 |
bone |
kjɔk⁷ |
perhaps Proto-Tai *C̥.dukᴰ?
|
| 66 |
fat (noun) |
|
|
| 67 |
egg |
|
|
| 68 |
horn |
|
|
| 69 |
tail |
|
|
| 70 |
feather |
|
|
| 71 |
hair |
phen¹ khjau³ |
|
| 72 |
head |
khjau³ |
Proto-Tai *krawꟲ, Proto-Tai *krawꟲ
|
| - |
face |
n̥a³ |
Proto-Tai *ʰnaːꟲ
|
| 73 |
ear |
l̥o¹ |
unclear, perhaps Proto-Tai *krwɯːᴬ?
|
| ȵi³ tɔ3 |
Cantonese 耳朵
|
| 74 |
eye |
pja¹ |
Proto-Tai *p.taːᴬ
|
| 75 |
nose |
ʔneŋ¹ |
Proto-Tai *ɗaŋᴬ, Thai ดัง (dang), Zhuang ndaeng
|
| 76 |
mouth |
tsɔi³ |
Cantonese 嘴 (zeoi2)
|
| 77 |
tooth |
m̥en¹ |
perhaps Proto-Tai *wanᴬ?
|
| 78 |
tongue (organ) |
lin³ |
Proto-Tai *liːnꟲ, Thai ลิ้น (lín), Zhuang linx
|
| - |
neck; throat |
ŋ̥ɔ¹ |
Proto-Tai *ɣoːᴬ, Thai คอ (kɔɔ), Zhuang hoz
|
| - |
shoulder |
ʔma⁵ |
Proto-Tai *C̥.baːᴮ, Thai บ่า (bàa), Zhuang mbaq
|
| 79 |
fingernail |
ʔmu¹ kaːp⁷ |
"hand" + Middle Chinese 甲 (kaep)
|
| 80 |
foot |
tin¹ |
Proto-Tai *tiːnᴬ, Thai ตีน (dtiin), Zhuang din
|
| 81 |
leg |
tin¹ pɔŋ³ |
"foot" + unclear
|
| 82 |
knee |
pɔ¹ lɔ¹ kaːi⁵ |
Cantonese 波羅蓋 / 波罗盖 (bo1 lo4 goi3)
|
| 83 |
hand |
ʔmu¹ |
Proto-Tai *mwɯːᴬ, Thai มือ (mʉʉ), Zhuang mwz
|
| 84 |
wing |
|
|
| 85 |
belly |
|
|
| 86 |
guts |
|
|
| 87 |
neck |
ŋ̥ɔ¹ |
Proto-Tai *ɣoːᴬ, Thai คอ (kɔɔ), Zhuang hoz
|
| 88 |
back |
|
|
| 89 |
breast |
|
|
| 90 |
heart |
səm¹ |
Middle Chinese 心 (sim)
|
| 91 |
liver |
tap⁷ |
Proto-Tai *tapᴰ, Thai ตับ (dtàp), Zhuang daep
|
| - |
lung |
fjet⁷ |
Proto-Tai *pwɤtᴰ, Thai ปอด (bpɔ̀ɔt), Zhuang bwt
|
| - |
excrement |
ŋ̥ai³ |
Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjꟲ
|
| - |
rice |
wu³ |
Proto-Tai *C̬.qawꟲ
|
| - |
meat |
maːm⁶ |
unclear
|
| 92 |
to drink |
ɕjuk⁷ |
unclear
|
| 93 |
to eat |
kjen¹ |
Proto-Tai *kɯɲᴬ
|
| 94 |
to bite |
ŋ̥ap⁷ |
Zhuang haeb
|
| 95 |
to suck |
hɔm² |
Middle Chinese 含 (hom)?
|
| 96 |
to spit |
ʔwe⁵ |
|
| 97 |
to vomit |
|
|
| 98 |
to blow |
|
|
| 99 |
to breathe |
tɕhau¹ khi⁵ |
Middle Chinese
|
| 100 |
to laugh |
l̥iu¹ |
Zhuang riu?
|
| 101 |
to see |
kaːu⁵ |
|
| 102 |
to hear |
theŋ⁵ |
|
| 103 |
to know |
|
|
| 104 |
to think |
|
|
| 105 |
to smell |
|
|
| 106 |
to fear |
|
|
| 107 |
to sleep |
|
|
| 108 |
to live |
|
|
| 109 |
to die |
|
|
| 110 |
to kill |
ka³ |
|
| 111 |
to fight |
kyt⁷ |
|
| 112 |
to hunt |
tɕap⁷; l̥ɔi⁶ maːm⁶ |
|
| 113 |
to hit |
kyt⁷ |
|
| 114 |
to cut |
|
|
| 115 |
to split |
|
|
| 116 |
to stab |
|
|
| 117 |
to scratch |
|
|
| 118 |
to dig |
ʔwet⁷ |
Middle Chinese 挖?
|
| 119 |
to swim |
ʔwai⁵ nam³, ju² nam³ |
|
| 120 |
to fly |
|
|
| 121 |
to walk |
l̥ip⁷ |
|
| 122 |
to come |
|
|
| 123 |
to lie (as in a bed) |
nun² |
|
| 124 |
to sit |
naŋ⁶ |
|
| 125 |
to stand |
kyn¹ |
perhaps Proto-Tai *C̥.ɟɯːnᴬ, Thai ยืน (yʉʉn), Zhuang ndwn
|
| 126 |
to turn (intransitive) |
|
|
| 127 |
to fall |
ɕek⁸ lam³ |
lam³ from Proto-Tai *lɤmꟲ
|
| 128 |
to give |
|
|
| 129 |
to hold |
|
|
| 130 |
to squeeze |
|
|
| 131 |
to rub |
|
|
| 132 |
to wash |
se³ |
Middle Chinese 洗?
|
| 133 |
to wipe |
|
|
| 134 |
to pull |
|
|
| 135 |
to push |
|
|
| 136 |
to throw |
|
|
| 137 |
to tie |
|
|
| 138 |
to sew |
tam³ |
|
| 139 |
to count |
ɕɔ³ |
Middle Chinese 數
|
| 140 |
to say |
|
|
| 141 |
to sing |
|
|
| 142 |
to play |
|
|
| 143 |
to float |
|
|
| 144 |
to flow |
|
|
| 145 |
frozen |
|
|
| 146 |
to swell |
|
|
| 147 |
sun |
pjak⁷ ŋwan² |
pjak⁷ unkwown + "day"
|
| 148 |
moon |
ȵyt⁸ kuŋ¹ pɔ² |
Middle Chinese
|
| 149 |
star |
seŋ¹ tsi³ |
Middle Chinese 星 (seng) + Proto-Tai *ɗiːᴮ?
|
| - |
light |
l̥ɔŋ⁵ |
Proto-Tai *roŋᴮ, Zhuang rongh
|
| 150 |
water |
nam³ |
Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ
|
| 151 |
rain |
fen¹ |
Proto-Tai *C̥.wɯnᴬ, Thai ฝน (fǒn), Zhuang fwn
|
| 152 |
river |
l̥a⁵ |
Proto-Tai *daːᴮ
|
| 153 |
lake |
wu² |
Middle Chinese 湖 (hu), Zhuang huz
|
| 154 |
sea |
haːi³ |
Middle Chinese 海 (xojX), Zhuang haij
|
| 155 |
salt |
|
|
| 156 |
stone |
l̥in¹ |
Proto-Tai *triːlᴬ, Thai หิน (hǐn), Zhuang rin
|
| 157 |
sand |
ɕye¹ |
|
| 158 |
dust |
tam¹ tɕan² |
"earth" + Middle Chinese 塵 (drin)
|
| 159 |
earth |
tam¹ |
Proto-Tai *tɯmᴬ, Thai ตม (dtom), Zhuang doem
|
| - |
mud |
pɔm⁶ |
|
| - |
field |
na² |
Proto-Tai *naːᴬ, Thai นา (naa) Zhuang naz
|
| 160 |
cloud |
wjen² |
Middle Chinese 雲 (hjun)
|
| 161 |
fog |
mɔk⁷ lu⁶ |
|
| 162 |
sky |
ʔmen¹ |
Proto-Tai *ɓɯnᴬ
|
| 163 |
wind |
l̥əm¹ |
Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ
|
| 164 |
snow |
syt⁷ |
Middle Chinese 雪 (sjwet)
|
| 165 |
ice |
peŋ¹ |
Middle Chinese 冰 (ping)
|
| 166 |
smoke |
ʔwjen⁵ |
Proto-Tai *ɣwanᴬ, Thai ควัน (kwan)
|
| 167 |
fire |
hwi¹ |
Proto-Tai *wɤjᴬ
|
| 168 |
ash |
l̥au⁵ |
Proto-Tai *dawᴮ
|
| 169 |
to burn |
phjau¹ |
Thai เผา (pǎo), Zhuang byaeu
|
| 170 |
road |
l̥an¹ |
Proto-Tai *ʰrwɤnᴬ, Thai หน (hǒn), Zhuang roen
|
| 171 |
mountain |
phja¹ |
Proto-Tai *praːᴬ, Zhuang bya
|
| 172 |
red |
taːn¹ |
Middle Chinese 丹 (tan)?
|
| 173 |
green |
ŋ̥wat⁷ |
unclear
|
| 174 |
yellow |
ŋ̥aːn³ |
unclear
|
| 175 |
white |
pjuk⁸ |
Middle Chinese 白 (baek)?
|
| 176 |
black |
au³ |
unclear
|
| 177 |
night |
ʔȵan⁵ ti³, ʔmen¹ l̥ap⁷ |
|
| 178 |
day |
ŋwan² |
Proto-Tai *ŋwanᴬ, Thai วัน (wan), Zhuang ngoenz
|
| - |
month |
pyn¹ |
perhaps Proto-Tai *ɓlɯənᴬ ?
|
| 179 |
year |
pwei¹ |
Proto-Tai *piːᴬ, Thai ปี (bpii), Zhuang bi
|
| 180 |
warm |
l̥au³ |
unclear
|
| - |
hot |
kit⁷ |
unclear
|
| 181 |
cold |
n̥it⁷ |
unclear
|
| - |
cool |
l̥im⁵ |
unclear
|
| 182 |
full |
l̥əm¹ |
perhaps Proto-Tai *ʔiːmᴮ, Thai อิ่ม (ìm), Zhuang imq ?
|
| 183 |
new |
m̥ɔ⁵ |
Proto-Tai *ʰmɤːlᴮ, Thai ใหม่ (mài), Zhuang moq
|
| 184 |
old |
kau⁵ |
Middle Chinese 舊 (gjuwH)
|
| 185 |
good |
|
|
| 186 |
bad |
|
|
| 187 |
rotten |
|
|
| 188 |
dirty |
|
|
| 189 |
straight |
|
|
| 190 |
round |
|
|
| 191 |
sharp (as a knife) |
tsim¹ |
Middle Chinese 尖 (tsjem)
|
| 192 |
dull (as a knife) |
hwet⁸ |
Cantonese 倔 (gwat6)
|
| 193 |
smooth |
m̥jak⁷, we⁵ |
unclear
|
| 194 |
wet |
l̥am¹ |
unclear
|
| 195 |
dry |
hy⁵ |
Proto-Tai *χaɰᴮ, Zhuang hawq
|
| 196 |
correct |
|
|
| 197 |
near |
kjen⁶ |
Middle Chinese 近, Zhuang gaenh
|
| 198 |
far |
khjai¹ |
Proto-Tai *k.lajᴬ
|
| 199 |
right |
|
|
| 200 |
left |
|
|
| 201 |
at |
u⁵ |
|
| 202 |
in |
|
|
| 203 |
with |
wan³ |
|
| 204 |
and |
|
|
| 205 |
if |
jy² gwa³ |
Middle Chinese 如果
|
| 206 |
because |
jen1 wei6 |
Middle Chinese 因為
|
| 207 |
name |
|
|
| - |
shoe |
kjuk⁷ |
Thai เกือก (gʉ̀ʉak)
|
| - |
cloth |
paŋ² |
|
| - |
knife |
hja³ |
Proto-Tai *ɟm̩.raːꟲ, Thai พร้า (práa), Zhuang gyax (dialectal)
|
| - |
medicine |
hjɔ¹ |
Proto-Tai *ˀjɯəᴬ, Thai ยา (yaa), Zhuang yw
|