Wiktionary uses the following system to transcribe the Taicheng dialect of Taishanese.
The IPA column and Wiktionary romanization was based on the Taicheng dialect data at Hanyu Gujinyin Ziliaoku.
Other romanizations described here are:
IPA | Transcription | Stephen Li | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | b | b | b | p | b | 鼻 | |
/pʰ/ | p | p | p | p’ | p | 皮 | |
/ᵐb/ | m | m | m | m | m | 乜 | |
/f/ | f | f | f | f | f | 風 / 风 | |
/v/ | v | v | v | w | v | 話 / 话 | |
/t/ | d | d | d | t | d | 樽 | |
/tʰ/ | t | t | t | t’ | t | 窗 | |
/ⁿd/ | n | n | n | n | n | 你 | |
/l/ | l | l | l | l | l | 老 | |
/ɬ/ | lh | ɬ | x | lh | lh | 三 | |
/k/ | g | g | g | k | g | 見 / 见 | |
/kʰ/ | k | k | k | k’ | k | 佢 | |
/ᵑɡ/ | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | ng | 人 | |
/t͡s/ | z | dz | j | ch | z j(i) |
州 | |
/t͡sʰ/ | c | ts | ch | ch’ | c q(i) |
床 | |
/j/ | y | y | y | y | y | 嘢 | |
/s/ | s | s | s | s | s x(i) |
山 | |
/h/ | h | h | h | h | h | 台 |
IPA | Transcription | Stephen Li | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/a/ | a | a | a | a | a | 阿 | |
/ai/ | ai | ai | ai | aai | ai | 大 | |
/au/ | au | ɔu | ao | aau | ao | 老 | |
/am/ | am | am | am | aam | am | 三 | |
/an/ | an | an | an | aan | an | 丹 | |
/aŋ/ | ang | aŋ | ang | aang | ang | 登 | |
/ap̚/ | ap | ap | ap | aap | ab | 搭 | |
/at̚/ | at | at | at | aat | ad | 押 | |
/ak̚/ | ak | ak | ak | aak | ag | 得 | |
/i/ | i | i | i | i | i | 煮 | |
/iu/ | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | 優 / 优 | |
/im/ | im | im | im | im | im | 音 | |
/in/ | in | in | in | in | in | 因 | |
/ip̚/ | ip | ip | ip | ip | ib | 邑 | |
/it̚/ | it | it | it | it | id | 一 | |
/iɛ/ | ie | ia | eh | e | ie | 嗲 | |
/iau/ | iau | iau | el | iau | ieu | 釣 / 钓 | |
/iam/ | iam | iam | em | iem | iem | 店 | |
/iaŋ/ | iang | iaŋ | eng | iang | ieng | 釘 / 钉 | |
/iap̚/ | iap | iap | ep | iep | ieb | 碟 | |
/iak̚/ | iak | iak | ek | iak | ieg | 糴 / 籴 | |
/u/ | u | u | u | oo | u | 都 | |
/ui/ | ui | ui | ui | ooi | ui | 對 / 对 | |
/un/ | un | un | un | oon | un | 敦 | |
/ut̚/ | ut | ut | ut | oot | ud | 突 | |
/ə/ | e | e | 誒 / 诶 | ||||
/ei/ | ei | i | i | i | ei | 耳 | |
/eu/ | eu | ǝu | eo | aau | eu | 斗 | |
/em/ | em | ǝm | eim | ? | em | 含 | |
/en/ | en | ein | en, ein | ien | en | 丁 | |
/ep̚/ | ep | ǝp | eip | ? | eb | 𢱕 | |
/et̚/ | et | ɛt | et, eik | ? | ed | 跌 | |
/ɵŋ/ | uung | ǝŋ | ung | ung | ung | 龍 / 龙 | |
/ɵt̚/ | uut | ut | ut | oot | ud | 律 | |
/ɵk̚/ | uuk | ǝk | uk | uk | ug | 六 | |
/ᵘɔ/ | o | ɔ | o | o | uo | 多 | |
/ᵘɔi/ | oi | ɔi | oi | oi | oi | 愛 / 爱 | |
/ᵘɔn/ | on | ɔn | on | on | on | 安 | |
/ɔŋ/ | ong | ɔŋ | ong | ong | ong | 當 / 当 | |
/ᵘɔt̚/ | ot | ɔt | ot | ot | od | 乜 | |
/ɔk̚/ | ok | ɔk | ok | ok | og | 惡 / 恶 | |
/m̩/ | m | m | m | m | ng (m) except m* 唔 |
五 |
Tone | Transcription | Tone numerals / Stephen Li | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mid level | 1 | 33 | ä | à | a' | 偷 | 陰平/陰去/下陰入 |
High level | 2 | 55 | ā | a | a- | 口 | 陰上/上陰入 |
Low level | 3 | 22 | ã | ā | a* | 頭 / 头 | 陽平 |
Low falling | 4 | 21 | â | ạ̄ | a> | 厚 | 陽上/下陽入 |
Mid falling | 5 | 32 | à | â | a` | 後 / 后 | 陽去/上陽入 |
Tone | Transcription | Tone numerals / Stephen Li | Gene Chin | DLI | Deng Jun | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mid level > Mid rising | 1* | 335 | ä/ | à* | a'- | 頭先 / 头先 |
Low level > Low rising | 3* | 225 | ã/ | ā* | a*- | 近來 / 近来 |
Low falling > Low dipping | 4* | 215 | â/ | ạ̄* | a>- | 去街 |
Mid falling > Mid dipping | 5* | 325 | à/ | â* | a`- | 台山話 |
There are two types of tone changes in Taishanese:
*
after the original tone, e.g. 糖 (hong3*, “candy”).-4
after the original tone, e.g. 肉 (nguuk5-4, “meat”)These two can be combined, e.g. 刷 (cat1-4*, “a brush”).