Yulin Yue (Chinese: 玉林話 or 鬱林話) is a language of the Yue branch of Chinese, currently called Category:Cantonese language on Wiktionary.
Its representative locality is Yuzhou District (玉州區).
For the romanization, Jyutping++ is adopted as below. (The official Jyutping++ does not include Yulin of Yuzhou District.)
Under the current analysis, Yangjiang Yue has 22 initials, including the zero-initial. Note that in , they had two extra initials /b/ and /d/ which have been merged into /p/ and /t/ respectively in the current dialect. They did not form any minimal pair, as /b/ (resp. /d/) came from Middle Chinese *p- (resp. *t-) and so was paired with light tones, and /p/ (resp. /t/) came from Middle Chinese *b- (resp. *d-) and so was paired with dark tones.
| Jyutping++ | IPA | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| b | /p/ | 卑皮班八 |
| p | /pʰ/ | 披盼匹 |
| m | /m/ | 咪眉晚密 |
| f | /f/ | 飛肥反法 / 飞肥反法 |
| d | /t/ | 資詞丹達 / 资词丹达 |
| t | /tʰ/ | 雌炭七 |
| n | /n/ | 尼難捺 / 尼难捺 |
| sl | /ɬ/ | 絲散撒 / 丝散撒 |
| l | /l/ | 璃離懶辣 / 璃离懒辣 |
| z | /t͡ʃ/ | 知持盞札 / 知持盏札 |
| c | /t͡ʃʰ/ | 痴鏟察 / 痴铲察 |
| nj | /ɲ/ | 霓而顏月 / 霓而颜月 |
| s | /ʃ/ | 師時珊殺 / 师时珊杀 |
| g | /k/ | 機其間結 / 机其间结 |
| k | /kʰ/ | 箍圏揭 |
| ng | /ŋ/ | 硬鵝岸逆 / 硬鹅岸逆 |
| h | /h/ | 希刊黑 |
| gw | /kʷ/ | 歸葵君骨 / 归葵君骨 |
| kw | /kʰʷ/ | 虧昆倔 / 亏昆倔 |
| j | /j/ | 香羊引育 |
| w | /w/ | 花華温或 |
| ∅ | — | 醫何恩益 / 医何恩益 |
Under the current analysis, Yulin Yue has 48 finals, including two syllabic finals /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/. This mostly follows , so there are some minor differences with , documented below.
| -i | -u | -m | -n | -ng | -p | -t | -k | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a /a/ 昌 |
ai /ai/ 批 |
au /au/ 九 |
am /am/ 心 |
an /an/ 分 |
ang /aŋ/ 朋 |
ap /ap̚/ 十 |
at /at̚/ 七 |
ak /ak̚/ 北 |
| e | e /ɛ/ 射 |
eu /ɛu/ 貓 |
em /ɛm/ 鉗 |
en /ɛn/ 片 |
eng /ɛŋ/ 丁 |
ep /ɛp̚/ 夾 |
et /ɛt̚/ 舌 |
ek /ɛk̚/ 石 | |
| oe | oe /œ/ 靴 |
oeu /əu/ 刀 |
oeng /œŋ/ 蒸 |
oet /œt̚/ 月 |
oek /œk̚/ 焗 | ||||
| o | o /ɔ/ 巴 |
oi /ɔi/ 排 |
ou /ɔu/ 包 |
om /ɔm/ 三 |
on /ɔn/ 班 |
ong /ɔŋ/ 王 |
op /ɔp̚/ 甲 |
ot /ɔt̚/ 八 |
ok /ɔk̚/ 博 |
| oo | oo /o/ 多 |
||||||||
| i | i /i/ 卑 |
iu /iu/ 標 |
im /im/ 尖 |
in /in/ 天 |
ip /ip̚/ 接 |
it /it̚/ 乙 |
|||
| u | u /u/ 夫 |
ui /ui/ 杯 |
un /un/ 門 |
ung /ʊŋ/ 同 |
ut /ut̚/ 闊 |
uk /ʊk̚/ 六 | |||
| yu | yu /y/ 書 |
yun /yn/ 村 |
yut /yt̚/ 血 |
||||||
| m | m /m̩/ 唔 |
||||||||
| ng | ng /ŋ̍/ 五 |
The finals in the two sources mostly correspond with each other. (Note that /œn/ is a rare final.)
| /-ɒ-/ | /-ɔ-/ |
| /ɤ/ | /o/ |
| /ɤu/ | /əu/ |
| /iau/ | /ɛu/ |
| /iɛm/ | /ɛm/ |
| /iɛn/ | /ɛn/ |
| /iɛp̚/ | /ɛp̚/ |
| /iɛt̚/ | /ɛt̚/ |
| /œn/ | — |
| /eŋ/ | /ɛŋ/ |
| /ek̚/ | /ɛk̚/ |
| /uɔŋ/ | /ɔŋ/ |
| /uɔk̚/ | /ɔk̚/ |
| /yɛt̚/ | /œt̚/ |
| /œt̚/ | /œt̚/ |
Yulin Yue has 10 tones, which are represented by 6 symbols.
| Jyutping++ | Tone numerals | Traditional category | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 54 | dark level (陰平) | 詩 | |
| 44 | 5 | upper dark entering (上陰入) | 色 | |
| 2 | 33 | dark rising (陰上) | 史 | |
| 33 | 3 | lower dark entering (下陰入) | 國 | |
| 3 | 51 | 42 | dark departing (陰去) | 試 |
| 4 | 32 | light level (陽平) | 時 | |
| 12 | 2 | upper light entering (上陽入) | 石 | |
| 5 | 24 | light rising (陽上) | 市 | |
| 6 | 21 | light departing (陽去) | 事 | |
| 11 | 1 | lower light entering (下陽入) | 惑 | |
Note that the final /a/ comes from historic *-Vng (unchecked) and *-Vk (checked); in case of the latter, they are still assigned to Unchecked Tones 2 and 6. For example, 蔣 and 雀 are both /ta³³/; 諒 and 略 are both /la²¹/.
In a compound with two characters, the tone of the first character undergoes sandhi according to the tone of the second character.
| Tone of 1st syllable | Tone of 2nd syllable | |
|---|---|---|
| Dark (1, 2, 3) | Light (4, 5, 6) | |
| 1 unchecked | 2 | 3 |
| 1 checked | 1 | |
| 2 | 2 | |
| 3 | 2 | 3 |
| 4 | 6 | |
| 5 | 5 | |
| 6 | 6 | |
For example, fung<sup>1</sup>-ce<sup>1</sup> becomes phonetically *fung<sup>2</sup> ce<sup>1</sup>.
The other source has another similar but different sandhi system, which we do not follow:
| Tone of 1st syllable | Resulting tone of 1st syllable |
|---|---|
| 1,2,3 | 2 |
| 4,5,6 | 6 |
In the pronunciation section of each entry, under the {{zh-pron}} template, use the |c-yl= parameter to indicate the pronunciation of the entry in Jyutping++ as described above. Use commas , without spaces to separate alternate readings.
Use - to indicate tone sandhi, and use * to indicate diminutive.
|c-yl=fung1-ce1
|c-yl=da4-bek1*