Wiktionary:About Primitive Irish
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Defining the language
Primitive Irish (ISO 639-3 code pgl) is defined here as Goidelic terms dating to the 6th century or before and written in Ogham. Later terms may be considered Old Irish, Middle Irish, Modern Irish or Scottish Gaelic. Please also note that not all inscriptions in Ogham are necessarily in Primitive Irish.
All terms should have an entry with a title in Ogham, and another entry with the transliteration as its title and the following content:
==Primitive Irish==
===Romanization===
{{pgl-rom}}
# {{romanization of|pgl|<Ogham>}}
where <Ogham> is replaced by the title of the main entry for that word in Ogham.
If a Primitive Irish word has descendants in Old Irish, modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic, or Manx, these may be listed in a "Descendants" section.
For nouns, the lemma form is the genitive singular (for most nouns, this is the only attested form).
Sound changes
| Proto-Celtic | Primitive Irish | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Affection (i) | Affection (a) | Affection (o) | |
| a/ā /a(ː)/ | a /a/ | |||
| o /o/ | o /o/ | u /u/ | ||
| u/ū /u(ː)/ | u /u/ | |||
| e/ē /e(ː)/ | e /e/ | i /i/ | ||
| i /i/ | i /i/ | e /e/ | e /e/ | |
| Proto-Celtic | Primitive Irish | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Palatalised | |||
| y | i | |||
| k | k | c | ||
| kʷ | q | |||
| p1 | q | |||
| w- | v- | |||
NOTES
1 Imported from Latin.
Declension
There are several types of declensions for masculine nouns and one (known) declension for feminine nouns.
MASCULINE
| o-stem | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -as | |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | -i | |
| Dative |
| yo-stem | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ias | |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | -i | |
| Dative |
| u-stem | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | -os1 | |
| Dative |
| i-stem | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -is | |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | -os1 | |
| Dative |
| dental stem | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -ts | |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | -tos2 | |
| Dative |
FEMININE
| á-stem | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -a | |
| Accusative | ||
| Genitive | -as, -ea, -eas | |
| Dative |
NOTES
1 This later developed into o or u.
2 This later developed into tas.
Developments
| Primitive Irish | Old Irish | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Lenition | |||
| q /kʷ/ | c /k/ | ch /x/ | ||
| t /t/ | t /t/ | th /θ/ | ||
| k /k/ | c /k/ | ch /x/ | ||
| v- /w/ (/ʍ/?) | f- /f/ | ḟ- (silent) | ||
| d /d/ | d /d/ | d /ð/ | ||
| v /w/ (/ʍ/?) | b /v/ | |||
Example of development
PROTO-CELTIC
wiros
PRIMITIVE IRISH
viras (os > as)
veras (i lowers to match the a)
verah (s becomes h)
vera (s dropped)
ver (apocope finalised)
OLD IRISH
fer
PROTO-CELTIC
rorīgos /roriːgos/
PRIMITIVE IRISH
rurīgos (i affection) /ruriːɣos/
ruregas (o affection + os > as) /rureɣas/
ruregah (s becomes h) /rureɣah/
rurega (s dropped) /rureɣa/
rureg (apocope finalised) /rureɣ/
OLD IRISH
ruirech
/rurʲex/