Wiktionary:Classical Syriac transliteration

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These are the rules concerning transliteration in Classical Syriac entries.

Classical Syriac transliteration

Consonants

Letter/

consonant

Sound Notes
Transliteration IPA
Wiktionary

translit.

Other

translit.

Classical

Edessan

Western

Syriac

Eastern

Syriac

ܐ ʾ ', ˀ, (null) or ∅ Silent when not immediately followed by a vowel.
ܒ hard: b
soft: ḇ 		soft: bh, v, β hard:
soft: 		hard:
soft: , 		hard:
soft: 		Begadkefat letter.
ܓ hard: g
soft: ḡ 		soft: g̱, gh, ġ, γ hard:
soft: 		Begadkefat letter.
ܕ hard: d
soft: ḏ 		soft: dh, ð, δ hard:
soft: 		Begadkefat letter.
ܗ h
ܘ w Also a vowel (see below).
ܙ z
ܚ ḥ H, kh, x, ħ
ܛ ṭ T, ţ
ܝ y Also a vowel (see below). The sequence /jə/ is usually realized as .
ܟܟ hard: k
soft: ḵ 		soft: kh, x hard:
soft: 		Begadkefat letter.
ܠ l
ܡܡ m
ܢܢ n
ܣ s
ܥ ʿ `, ˁ
ܦ hard: p
soft: p̄ 		soft: p̱, ᵽ, ph, f hard:
soft: 		hard:
soft: , 		hard:
soft: , 		Begadkefat letter. In later Western and Eastern Syriac, there is generally no difference in their respective sounds between the "hard" and "soft" variants except for a common soft variant that occurs in some words. Sometimes occurs as unaspirated (transliterated ṗ) in foreign words (mostly for Greek π (p)).
ܨ ṣ S, ş
ܩ q ḳ
ܪ r
ܫ š sh
ܬ hard: t
soft: ṯ 		soft: th, θ hard:
soft: 		Begadkefat letter.

Vowels

When adding vowel marks to Classical Syriac entries, the preference on Wiktionary is to use the Eastern system, mainly because it is clearer in differentiating /o/ from /u/ and /i/ from /e/. You can look up Classical Syriac words with their Eastern vowel marks here: Beth Mardutho Dictionary Search. Check the results given under Audo (Toma Audo, Treasure of the Syriac Language: A Dictionary of Classical Syriac).

Ideally we would like to create a module that automatically adds an entry with the Western vowel marks too, but that's for whoever has the knowledge or the time to implement in the future (See discussion: Wiktionary:Beer_parlour/2022/August#Let's_talk_Classical_Syriac_dotting).

Vowel Sound Notes
Transliteration IPA
Type Western

vowel

Eastern

vowel

Wiktionary

translit.

Other

translit.

Classical

Edessan

Western

Syriac

Eastern

Syriac

Short ܰ ܲ a Can only occur in a closed syllable. In Eastern Syraic, becomes immediately before ܘ (w).
Long ܳ ܵ ā aa, â, å, o
Short ܶ ܸ e i Can only occur in a closed syllable.
Long ܽܘ ܘܼ ū u /uː/, Cannot be reduced.
Short u ū /u/, Can be reduced.
Long ܘܿ ō o, u /oː/, Cannot be reduced.
Short o ō, u /o/, Can be reduced.
Long ܺܝ ܝܼ ī i
ܹ ē ī, i
ܶܝ ܹܝ ê ē
Reduced (null) (null) ə e̊, e, (null) ∅ Can only occur in an open syllable. Later became deleted at some point in the development of Syriac.
ܰ ܲ ă a Can only occur in an open syllable and immediately after ܐ (ʾ).
ܶ ܸ ĕ e, i Can only occur in an open syllable and immediately after ܐ (ʾ).
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