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Waigali or Nuristani Kalasha (Kalaṣa-alā) is a Nuristani language spoken in Afghanistan.
Sound changes
Waigali is defined by extensive vowel umlauting and the emergence of initial Cň consonant sequences. In other regards, it is quite conservative relative to Common Nuristani.
Dialects
Waigali has six dialects: Ameshdesh, Chimi, Nisheigram, Zemiaki (often considered a separate language), Waigal, and Zhonchigal. The Zhonchigal dialect is defined by the change of *ř to ẓ against other dialects, which have vř, as well as the presence of long vowels other than ā. In the Nisheigram dialect, diphthongs become new vowels, such as *ay > ä and *oy > ö.
Prosody
In Waigali, words are generally stressed at the end of the syllable, reflecting common Nuristani penultimate stress (per Strand 2007 and Halfmann 2023). Stress is not marked.
Orthographic notation
When notating Waigali, a unified orthography system by Jakob Halfmann is used. Transcription conventions compared to Richard Strand include (V = any vowel):
- â > ā
- V˜ > Ṽ
- Vi > Vy
- Vu > Vw
- ŋ > ṅ
- vṛ > vř
References
- Jakob Halfmann (2022) Advances in the historical phonology of the Nuristani languages, in International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction
- Jakob Halfmann (2023) Lād "law": a Bactrian loanword in the Nuristani languages, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Strand (1973) Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages, Brown University
- Richard Strand (2007) Transcription and Pronunciation of the Nûristânî Languages
- Richard Strand (2011) Nišei-alâ Lexicon
- Richard Strand (2012) Nuristâni Etymological Lexicon