above

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English

Alternative forms

Etymology

A circle above (sense 2) a square

From Middle English above, aboven, abuven, from Old English ābufan, onbufan, from on (on) + bufan (over), (akin to Icelandic ofan (from above), Middle Dutch bōven, Old Frisian bova, Middle High German bobene) from (by) + ufan (over); also cognate with Danish oven, Dutch boven, German oben, Swedish ovan, Old Saxon oƀan, Old High German obana.

The preposition, adjective and the noun derive from the adverb.

Pronunciation

Preposition

above

  1. Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.
    He always put his coat on above his sweater.
  2. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface.
    Antonyms: below, beneath
  3. Farther north than.
    Idaho is above Utah.
  4. Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise.
  5. (figuratively) Higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; higher in measure, degree, volume, or pitch, etc. than; out of reach; not exposed to; not likely to be affected by; incapable of negative actions or thoughts.
    Even the chief of police is not above suspicion.
    He was always above reproach.
    I thought you said you were above these kinds of antics.
    That's above my comprehension.
    to cut above average
  6. Higher in rank, status, or position.
    to stand head and shoulders above the rest
    • 1791, John Walker, A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary , London: Sold by G. G. J. and J. Robinſon, Paternoſter Row; and T. Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC, page 557:
      ☞ This word [wrap] is often pronounced wrop, rhyming with top, even by ſpeakers much above the vulgar.
  7. (Scotland) In addition to; besides.
    above and beyond the call of duty
    over and above
  8. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.
    That amount is way above our asking price.
  9. In preference to.
  10. Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;
    The owner was above taking more than a token salary.
  11. Beyond; on the other side.
  12. (theater) Upstage of.

Usage notes

  • (surpassing in number or quantity): passing into the adverbial sense.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the preposition

Translations

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Adverb

above (not comparable)

  1. Directly overhead; vertically on top of.
    • 2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 80:
      Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.
  2. Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go.
    • 1913, Ambrose Bierce, Present at a Hanging and Other Ghost Stories:
      Nobody has lived in it since the summer of 1879, and it is fast going to pieces. For some three years before the date mentioned above, it was occupied by the family of Charles May
    • 1905, Emanuel Swedenborg, chapter 19, in Heaven and Hell:
      That angels are men in the most complete form, and enjoy every sense, may be seen above (n. 73-77); and that the light in heaven is far brighter than the light in the world (n. 126-132).
  3. Into or from heaven; in the sky.
    He's in a better place now, floating free as the clouds above.
  4. In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream.
  5. Higher in rank, power, or position.
    He appealed to the court above.
  6. (archaic) In addition.
  7. More in number.
  8. Above zero; above freezing.
    It was a cold day at only 5 above.
  9. (biology) On the upper half or the dorsal surface of an animal.
    The sparrow I saw was rufous above and off-white below.

Derived terms

Translations

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Adjective

above (not comparable)

  1. Of heaven; heavenly.
  2. (by ellipsis) Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page.

Usage notes

  • Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word said, mentioned, quoted, or the like:
    • the above(-said) observations
    • the above(-cited) reference
    • the above(-quoted) articles

Translations

Noun

above (uncountable)

  1. Heaven.
    • 1998, “Twinz”, in Capital Punishment, performed by Big Pun and Fat Joe:
      A brother from another mother, sent from the above.
  2. Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page.
  3. Higher authority.
  4. (archaic) betterment, raised status or condition.
    • 1896, William Morris, The Well at the World's End:
      Withal they saw of him that he had no doubt but that they should come to their above on the morrow,

Usage notes

The preposition above is often used further elliptically as a noun by omitting the associated noun, where it is should be clear what is omitted: e.g. See the above.

Related terms

Translations

See also

References

  • Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "The vertical axis", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8
  • Laurence Urdang (editor), The Random House College Dictionary (Random House, 1984 , →ISBN), page 4
  • Elliott K. Dobbie, C. William Dunmore, Robert K. Barnhart, et al. (editors), Chambers Dictionary of Etymology (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2004 , →ISBN), page 4
  • above”, in The Century Dictionary , New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
  • above”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
  • above, prep.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.