From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan, from Proto-Germanic *aglijaną (“to trouble, vex”), cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (agljan, “to distress”).
ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailing, simple past and past participle ailed)
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ail (plural ails)
From Middle English eyle, eile, from Old English eġle (“hideous, loathsome, hateful, horrid, troublesome, grievous, painful”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus, “hard, difficult”).
ail (comparative ailer or more ail, superlative ailest or most ail)
From Middle English eile, eyle, eiȝle, from Old English eġl (“an ail; awn; beard of barley; mote”), from Proto-Germanic *agilō (“awn”), related to *ahaz (“ear (of grain)”). Cognate with German Achel, Egel, Ägel.
ail (plural ails)
ail
Inherited from Old French, from Latin allium.
From Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸales-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelis-, *pels- (“stone”).
ail f (genitive singular aileach, nominative plural aileacha or ailche)
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Bare forms
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Forms with the definite article
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| Irish mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
| ail | n-ail | hail | not applicable |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
ail
ail
From Old French, from Latin allium.
ail m (uncountable)
Possibly from Proto-Celtic *ɸalos, from Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), see also German Fels (“rock”).
The declension was not stable at the start of the Old Irish period, with a shift from an i-stem declension to a k-stem declension ongoing.
ail f (genitive ailech, nominative plural ailich)
| Feminine i-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | ail | ailL | ailiH |
| Vocative | ail | ailL | ailiH |
| Accusative | ailN | ailL | ailiH |
| Genitive | aloH, alaH | aloH, alaH | aileN |
| Dative | ailL | ailib | ailib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
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| Feminine k-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | ail | ailichL | ailich |
| Vocative | ail | ailichL | ailchea |
| Accusative | ailichN | ailichL | ailchea |
| Genitive | ailech | ailech | ailechN |
| Dative | ailichL | ailchib | ailchib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
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| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| ail | unchanged | n-ail |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
·ail
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| ·ail | unchanged | ·n-ail |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan.
ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailin, simple past ailt, past participle ailt)
| 20 | ||
| ← 1 | 2 | 3 → [a], [b] |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal (masculine): dau Cardinal (feminine): dwy Ordinal: ail, eilfed Ordinal abbreviation: 2il Adverbial: dwywaith Multiplier: dwbl | ||
| Welsh Wikipedia article on 2 | ||
From Middle Welsh eil, from Proto-Brythonic *ėl, from Proto-Celtic *alyos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”).
ail (feminine singular ail, plural ail, not comparable) (precedes the noun, triggers soft mutation of all nouns)
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| ail | unchanged | unchanged | hail |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||