arwain

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Welsh

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle Welsh arwein, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare-wedn- (compare synonymous arweddu from *ɸarewedeti), from *ɸare- + *wedeti (compare Old Irish feidid (“bring, lead”)), from *wedʰ- (“to lead”) (compare Lithuanian vèsti, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gawidan), Old Church Slavonic вести (vesti).[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

arwain (first-person singular present arweiniaf)

  1. to lead, guide
  2. to conduct (e.g. an orchestra)
  3. to lead (to a certain place)
    Mae’r llwybr ’ma’n arwain i’r goedwig.
    This path leads to the forest.
  4. to behave, to conduct oneself
    Synonyms: ymddwyn, bihafio

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future arweiniaf arweini arwain arweiniwn arweiniwch arweiniant arweinir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/conditional arweiniwn arweinit arweiniai arweiniem arweiniech arweinient arweinid
preterite arweiniais arweiniaist arweiniodd arweiniasom arweiniasoch arweiniasant arweiniwyd
pluperfect arweiniaswn arweiniasit arweiniasai arweiniasem arweiniasech arweiniasent arweiniasid, arweiniesid
present subjunctive arweiniwyf arweiniech arweinio arweiniom arweinioch arweiniont arweinier
imperative — arwain arweinied arweiniwn arweiniwch arweinient arweinier
verbal noun arwain
verbal adjectives arweiniedig
arweiniadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future arweinia i, arweiniaf i arweini di arweinith o/e/hi, arweiniff e/hi arweiniwn ni arweiniwch chi arweinian nhw
conditional arweiniwn i, arweiniswn i arweiniet ti, arweiniset ti arweiniai fo/fe/hi, arweinisai fo/fe/hi arweinien ni, arweinisen ni arweiniech chi, arweinisech chi arweinien nhw, arweinisen nhw
preterite arweiniais i, arweinies i arweiniaist ti, arweiniest ti arweiniodd o/e/hi arweinion ni arweinioch chi arweinion nhw
imperative — arweinia — — arweiniwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of arwain
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
arwain unchanged unchanged harwain

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wed-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 406

Further reading

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “arweiniaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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