audeo

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Latin

Etymology

From avidus (“greedy”) +‎ -eō (stative suffix), hence originally meaning “to be greedy”, as also evidenced by the form sōdēs (“if you please”) < *sī audēs (literally “if you want very much”).[1] For the supine ausum compare also ārdeō : ārsum and gaudeō : gavīsum, in which the i was retained.

Pronunciation

Verb

audeō (present infinitive audēre, perfect active ausī or ausus sum, supine ausum); second conjugation, optionally semi-deponent

  1. to dare, venture, risk
    Synonym: perīclitor
    • 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.1:
      Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.
      As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.
    • 20 BCE – 14 BCE, Horace, Epistles 1.40:
      Sapere audē.
      Dare to be wise.
  2. (poetic) to be eager for battle

Conjugation

   Conjugation of audeō (second conjugation, optionally semi-deponent)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present audeō audēs audet audēmus audētis audent
imperfect audēbam audēbās audēbat audēbāmus audēbātis audēbant
future audēbō audēbis audēbit audēbimus audēbitis audēbunt
perfect ausī,
ausus sum 		ausistī,
ausus es 		ausit,
ausus est 		ausimus,
ausī sumus 		ausistis,
ausī estis 		ausērunt,
ausēre,
ausī sunt
pluperfect auseram,
ausus eram 		auserās,
ausus erās 		auserat,
ausus erat 		auserāmus,
ausī erāmus 		auserātis,
ausī erātis 		auserant,
ausī erant
future perfect auserō,
ausus erō 		auseris,
ausus eris 		auserit,
ausus erit 		auserimus,
ausī erimus 		auseritis,
ausī eritis 		auserint,
ausī erint
sigmatic future1 ausō ausis ausit ausimus ausitis ausint
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present audeam audeās audeat audeāmus audeātis audeant
imperfect audērem audērēs audēret audērēmus audērētis audērent
perfect auserim,
ausus sim 		auserīs,
ausus sīs 		auserit,
ausus sit 		auserīmus,
ausī sīmus 		auserītis,
ausī sītis 		auserint,
ausī sint
pluperfect ausissem,
ausus essem 		ausissēs,
ausus essēs 		ausisset,
ausus esset 		ausissēmus,
ausī essēmus 		ausissētis,
ausī essētis 		ausissent,
ausī essent
sigmatic aorist1 ausim ausīs ausīt ausīmus ausītis ausint
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — audē — — audēte —
future — audētō audētō — audētōte audentō
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives audēre ausum esse ausūrum esse — — —
participles audēns ausus ausūrus — — —
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
audendī audendō audendum audendō ausum ausū

1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

See also

References

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “audeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 60–61

Further reading

  • “audeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “audeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • audeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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