be/translations

This page contains translations for be. See the main entry for more information.

English

Verb

Translations

Note: This verb has many irregularities in both form and usage in many languages. Use translations with caution.

auxiliary: used to form the passive voice

Arabic: (use passive forms or derived stems with passive meaning)
Egyptian Arabic: بيبقى m (beyebʔā), بيتعمل m (beyetʕemel)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: (particle) ^{(please verify)} 被/為(为)/遭 (bèi) + verb, or implied
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: blive (da)
Dutch: worden (nl)
Emilian: êser
Esperanto: (passive form of the verb) -iĝi, esti (eo) + passive participle
Finnish: active tense used
French: être (fr)
Galician: ser (gl)
German: werden (de)
Greek: usually translated using the passive form of the active verb
Ancient: (in most cases use passive forms), (rarely) εἰμί (eimí) + (passive participle)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Irish: specific form of each verb must be used
Italian: essere (it), venire (it)
Japanese: れる (ja) (reru), られる (ja) (rareru)
Khmer: ត្រូវបាន (trɨv baan)
Korean: (passive form of the verb) -기다 (ko) (gida), –당하다 (ko) (danghada), -되다 (ko) (doeda), -리다 (ko) (rida), -받다 (ko) (batda), -이다 (ko) (ida), -지다 (ko) (jida), -히다 (hida)
Lao: please add this translation if you can
Latin: sum (la)
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
Malay: (passive form of the verb)
Mazanderani: بیه‌ن (biyen)
Middle English: been
Norman: être
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: bli (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: verta, verte, bli
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Persian: است (fa) (ast), بودن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl), zostać (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Spanish: ser (es), seer (es)
Swedish: bli (sv), -s (sv) (suffix used on the verb)
Thai: ถูก (th) (tùuk), โดน (th) (doon)
Vietnamese: (positive outcome) được (vi), (negative outcome) bị (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
West Frisian: wurde (fy)

auxiliary: used to form the continuous forms of various tenses

Arabic: (use present tense or active participle for present progressive), كَانَ (ar) (kāna) + (imperfect indicative for past progressive)
Egyptian Arabic: بيفضل m (beyefḍal), عمال m (ʕammāl)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: tar (ast), tar (ast)
Bakhtiari: (used with the verb) هنه (hone)
Catalan: estar (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 在 (zh) (zài), 正在 (zh) (zhèngzài), verb + 著 (zh), 着 (zh) (zhe)
Cimbrian: zèinan + darnaach + infinitive
Czech: not used in Czech
Danish: not used in Danish
Dutch: zijn aan het + infinitive (or a simple tense without zijn when not stressing the continuousness of an action)
Esperanto: esti (eo) + active participle
Finnish: (sometimes, normally use indicative) olla + third active infinitive in inessive case
French: (not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)
Galician: estar (gl)
German: sein (de)
Greek: (use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)
Ancient: (use present or imperfect, or perfect or pluperfect of verbs whose perfect has present meaning)
Haitian Creole: ap
Igbo: nà-, nà (ig)
Irish: bí
Italian: stare (it)
Japanese: ている (-te iru)
Jeju: 어ᇝ (-eom-), 아ᇝ (-am-)
Kabyle: ili
Khmer: កំពុង (km) (kɑmpung)
Korean: 어/아 가다 (-eo/a gada), 고 있다 (-go itda), 는다 (-neunda), ᆫ다 (-nda), ᆻ다 (-tda)
Latin: (Not officially translated into Latin, but nunc can be used to convey the sense that the action is being done right now.)
Louisiana Creole: apé, ap
Macedonian: (use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)
Manx: bee
Middle English: been
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: not used in Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Nynorsk: not used in Norwegian Nynorsk
Persian: داشْتَن (fa) (dâštan) + imperfective verb form, در حال (dar hâl-e) + infinitive + بودَن (fa) (budan), هاسِی (hâsey) + imperfective verb form (dialectal)
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: estar (pt) + gerund, estar (pt) + a (pt) + infinitive
Romanian: (not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)
Russian: (use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)
Spanish: estar (es)
Swedish: (rarely translated; use the equivalent simple tense or possibly hålla på att (sv) + infinitive)
Thai: กำลัง (th) (gam-lang)
Vietnamese: đang (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Yoruba: ń

auxiliary: (archaic) used to form the perfect aspect with certain intransitive verbs

Catalan: not used in Catalan
Chinese:
Mandarin: not used in Mandarin
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Esperanto: not used in Esperanto
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: avoir (fr)
German: sein (de)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Irish: (rendered by verb form)
Japanese: ている (-te iru)
Latin: sum (la), ((not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)) Videsne quis venit? (Do you see who is coming?)
Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
Middle English: been
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Portuguese: ser (pt) (archaic), ter (pt) (modern)
Russian: not used in Russian
Swedish: vara (sv), ha (sv)
Vietnamese: từng (vi)
Welsh: (rendered by verb form)

auxiliary: used to form future tenses, especially the future subjunctive

Catalan: not used in Catalan
Chinese:
Mandarin: not used in Mandarin
Czech: být (cs) impf, mít (cs) impf
Danish: ville (da)
Esperanto: (not translated; use the future tense )
Finnish: tulla (fi)
French: not used in French
German: sein (de), werden (de)
Greek: (for future subjunctive, use θα + imperfective past verb form)
Irish: (rendered by verb form)
Japanese: だろう (ja) (darō)
Latin: (not translated; use a future tense) ibo (la) (I’m to go), (not translated; use a future tense) ivero (I’m to go)
Macedonian: not used in Macedonian
Mazanderani: بأبوشه‌ن (babošen)
Portuguese: use the future subjunctive tense
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ)
Slovak: mať (sk), byť (sk)
Swedish: (for indicative: use present tense or kommer att + infinitive; for subjunctive: use om (sv) ... skulle (sv) + infinitive or (archaically) use past subjunctive)
Welsh: (rendered by verb form)

auxiliary, dialectal: used to mark habitual aspect

occupy a place

Albanian: jam (sq)
Apache:
Western Apache: naiágúóli ((be together))
Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
Egyptian Arabic: يبقى m (yebʔā)

South Levantine Arabic: كان (kān)
Armenian: լինել (hy) (linel), եմ (hy) (em)
Aromanian: escu, hiu
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: tar (ast)
Basque: egon
Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ) (present tense seldom used)
Bourguignon: étre
Bouyei: ius
Breton: bezañ (br)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca), estar (ca)
Chinese:
Dungan: зэ (ze)

Mandarin: 在 (zh) (zài)
Classical Nahuatl: cah
Cornish: bos, (Unified) bôs
Czech: být (cs) impf
Dalmatian: saite
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl), staan (nl), zitten (nl), liggen (nl), wezen (nl) (informal), zich bevinden
Elfdalian: wårå
Emilian: êser
Erzya: улемс (uľems)
Esperanto: esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Evenki: би (bi)
Faroese: vera (fo)
Finnish: olla (fi)
Franc-Comtois: étre
Franco-Provençal: estar, étre, étar
French: être (fr)
Old French: ester, estre

Middle French: estre
Friulian: jessi, sei
Galician: estar (gl)
Georgian: ყოფნა (ka) (q̇opna), არის (aris) (infinitive)
German: sein (de); sich befinden (de)
Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí)
Haitian Creole: se
Hebrew: הָיָה (he) (hayá)
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Hungarian: van (hu)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Ido: esar (io)
Indonesian: berada (id)
Ingrian: olla
Irish: bí
Old Irish: at·tá
Istriot: ièsi
Istro-Romanian: fi
Italian: essere (it)
Japanese: 在る (ja) (ある, aru) (inanimate), 居る (ja) (いる, iru) (animate)
Jarawa: ʈʰi
Jeju: 잇다 (itda), 싯다 (sitda), 이시다 (isida), 시다 (sida), 엇다 (eotda) (negative), 읏다 (eutda) (negative)
Kabyle: ili
Khmer: នៅ (km) (nɨw)
Korean: 있다 (ko) (itda), (honorific) 계시다 (ko) (gyesida), 없다 (ko) (eopda) (negative)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)
Ladin: vester
Lao: ຢູ່ (yū)
Latgalian: byut
Latin: sum (la), sto (la)
Latvian: būt (lv)
Ligurian: êse
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Livonian: vȱlda
Lombard: vèss
Low German:
Münsterländisch: sien (nds) (sin (nds), syn)

German Low German: wesen (nds), sin (nds); liggen, stahn, sitten (nds), sien (nds)

Middle Low German: ^{(please verify)} wesen, ^{(please verify)} sîn
Lü: ᦊᦴᧈ (ẏuu¹)
Luxembourgish: sinn (lb)
Macedonian: е (mk) (e), се наоѓа (se naoǵa)
Malay: berada
Jawi: براد
Manx: bee
Mazanderani: بوئن (boen)
Megleno-Romanian: ire
Middle English: been
Middle Korean: 잇다〮 (ìstá), 없〯다〮 (ěpstá) (negative)
Nahuatl: cah
Ngazidja Comorian: uhundriha
Norman: être
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wees

Hallig and Mooring: weese

Helgoland: wees

Sylt: wiis

Wiedingharde: wjizze
Northern Sami: leat
Northern Thai: please add this translation if you can
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Occitan: èsser (oc), èstre (oc), estar (oc)
Okinawan: 有ん (あん, an) (inanimate), 居ん (をぅん, wun) (animate)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Old English: bēon, wesan (ang)
Old Frisian: wesa
Old Korean: 有叱 (*Is-), 無叱 (EPUs-) (negative)
Old Norse: vera
Old Prussian: būtwei
Old Saxon: wesan, sīn
Pennsylvania German: sei
Persian: هَسْت (fa) (hast), بودَن (fa) (budan)
Picard: ète
Piedmontese: esse
Pipil: nemi
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: estar (pt)
Quechua: tiyay, kai
Romanian: fi (ro)
Romansch: esser
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), находи́ться (ru) impf (naxodítʹsja)
Sardinian:
Campidanese: èsseri

Logudorese: èssere
Saterland Frisian: weese
Scottish Gaelic: bi
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf, налазити се

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf, nalaziti se (sh)
Shan: please add this translation if you can
Sicilian: èssiri (scn)
Skolt Sami: leeʹd
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Slovincian: bëc
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś

Upper Sorbian: być (hsb)
Spanish: estar (es)
Swahili: kuwa (sw)
Swedish: vara (sv), ligga (sv), stå (sv), sitta (sv), finnas (sv)
Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru), அமர் (ta) (amar)
Thai: อยู่ (th) (yùu)
Tibetan: please add this translation if you can
Turkish: bulunmak (tr), olmak (tr)
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty) (present tense seldom used)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Venetan: èser (vec)
Vietnamese: ở (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
West Frisian: wêze (fy)
White Hmong: nyob nov
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)
Yoruba: wà, sí (negative)
Zazaki: bı
Zhuang: youq
ǃXóõ: ǀîi

occur, take place

Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
Armenian: լինել (hy) (linel)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast)
Basque: izan
Belarusian: быць (be) impf (bycʹ)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) impf (sǎm)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca), haver-hi (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 在 (zh) (zài), 有 (zh) (yǒu)
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: finde sted, ske (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl), plaatsvinden (nl)
Emilian: êser
Esperanto: okazi (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Finnish: olla (fi)
Franco-Provençal: étre
French: être (fr)
Galician: ser (gl)
Georgian: მოხდენა (moxdena) (verbal noun), ხდება (xdeba) (infinitive)
German: sein (de); stattfinden (de)
Greek: γίνομαι (el) (gínomai)
Ancient: γίγνομαι (gígnomai), εἰμί (eimí), συμβαίνω (sumbaínō)
Hebrew: הָיָה (he) (hayá)
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Hungarian: lenni (hu)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Ingrian: olla
Irish: bí
Italian: essere (it)
Japanese: 有る (ja) (ある, aru)
Javanese: ana
Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə), គឺ (km) (kɨɨ)
Korean: 일어나다 (ko) (ireonada), 생기다 (ko) (saenggida)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)
Lao: ບັງເກີດ (bang kœ̄t)
Latin: sum (la)
Ligurian: êse
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Low German:
German Low German: wesen (nds); stattfinnen, geven (nds), bören, gebören, schehn
Macedonian: би́де (bíde), е (mk) (e)
Manchu: ᠪᡳ (bi), ᠪᡳᠮᠪᡳ (bimbi)
Manx: bee
Mazanderani: بأین (bayen)
Middle English: been
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: бий (mn) (bii), байх (mn) (bajx)

Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠢ (bui), ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ (bayiqu)
Norman: être
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Occitan: èsser (oc)
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt)
Romagnol: cadér
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ), происходи́ть (ru) impf (proisxodítʹ), произойти́ (ru) pf (proizojtí)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Spanish: ser (es)
Swedish: vara (sv), ske (sv) (about actions)
Tamil: நட (ta) (naṭa)
Telugu: అగు (te) (agu)
Thai: เกิดขึ้น (gə̀ət-kʉ̂n)
Turkish: olmak (tr), var olmak (tr)
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Vietnamese: có (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Zazaki: biyen

have a certain age

Catalan: tenir (ca), tindre (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 岁 (zh) (suì)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Emilian: avêreg
Finnish: olla ...-vuotias
French: avoir (fr)
German: sein (de)
Ido: evar (io)
Italian: avere (it)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: ... salî bûn, bûn (ku)
Middle English: been
Polish: mieć (pl)
Portuguese: ter (pt)
Romanian: avea (ro)
Slovak: mať (sk)
Spanish: tener (es)
Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru) (often unspoken, e.g. அவர்களுக்கு பத்து வயது, i.e. "they were ten years old")
Zazaki: ben (diq)

elliptical form of "be here", or similar

Asturian: tar (ast)
Basque: egon
Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Catalan: ser-hi (ca), estar (ca), anar (ca), venir (ca), passar (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì), 有 (zh) (yǒu), 在 (zh) (zài), 來／来 (zh) (lái)
Czech: být (cs)
Danish: være (da), være her
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Esperanto: veni (eo), iri (eo), iri (eo)
Faroese: vera (fo)
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: aller (fr), venir (fr)
German: sein (de)
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Ingrian: olla
Irish: bí
Old Irish: at·tá
Italian: andare (it), venire (it)
Japanese: 行って来る (いってくる, itte kuru)
Khmer: នៅ (km) (nɨw)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)
Latin: veniō (la)
Latvian: būt (lv)
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Low German:
German Low German: wesen (nds) (in some dialects), sien (nds) (in some dialects)
Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
Manx: bee
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: estar (pt), ter (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), приходи́ть (ru) impf (prixodítʹ), прийти́ (ru) pf (prijtí)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Spanish: estar (es)
Swedish: vara (sv)
Thai: มา (th) (maa)
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Vietnamese: đến (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Zazaki: tiya biyen

used to indicate that the subject and object are the same

Afrikaans: wees (af)
Albanian: jam (sq)
Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
Egyptian Arabic: يبقى m (yebʔā)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast), ser (ast)
Basque: izan
Belarusian: быць (be) impf (bycʹ)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) impf (sǎm)
Burmese: ရှိ (my) (hri.), ဖြစ် (my) (hprac), နေ (my) (ne), ဟုတ် (my) (hut) (in negative clauses)
Carpathian Rusyn: бу́ти impf (búty), буц (buc), бы́ти impf (bŷ́ty)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
Chinese:
Cantonese: 是 (si⁴) (formal and written), 係／系 (yue) (hai⁶) (vernacular)

Dungan: сы (sɨ)

Eastern Min: 是 (sê)

Gan: 是 (si⁵)

Hakka: 係／系 (he)

Hokkien: 是 (zh-min-nan) (sǐ, sī)

Jin: 是 (si³)

Literary: 唯 (wéi) (archaic), 係 (xì)

Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì)

Wu: 是

Xiang: 是 (shr⁵)
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Emilian: êser
Esperanto: esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Extremaduran: sel
Faroese: vera (fo)
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: être (fr)
Middle French: estre

Old French: estre
Galician: ser (gl)
German: sein (de)
Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí)
Haitian Creole: se
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Ingrian: olla
Irish: is (ga)
Isan: please add this translation if you can
Italian: essere (it)
Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
Jarawa: ʈʰi
Jeju: 이다 (-ida), 아니다 (anida) (negative)
Kabyle: d (predicative particle), ili (copular verb)
Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə), គឺ (km) (kɨɨ)
Korean: 이다 (ko) (ida), 아니다 (ko) (anida) (negative)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)
Lao: ແມ່ນ (mǣn), ເປັນ (pen), ຄື (lo) (khư̄)
Latin: sum (la)
Latvian: būt (lv)
Ligurian: êse
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Louisiana Creole: çé, yê (interrogative or relative clauses), dèt (after auxiliaries or pre-verbal markers; in commands)
Lü: ᦔᦲᧃ (ṗiin)
Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
Malay: ialah (ms) (seldom used)
Jawi: اياله
Malayalam: ആകുന്നു (ākunnu)
Manchu: ᠣᠴᡳ (oci)
Manx: she
Middle English: been
Middle Korean: 이〮라〮 (-ílá), 아니〮다〮 (ànítá) (negative)
Mon: please add this translation if you can
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: байх (mn) (bajx)
Navajo: átʼé, nilį́
Norman: être
Northern Thai: please add this translation if you can
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Okinawan: やん (yan), やいびーん (yaibīn) (formal)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Old East Slavic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Old English: wesan (ang)
Old Korean: 是 (*i-)
Pela: ŋɔ̠t⁵⁵
Pennsylvania German: sei
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl) impf, to (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt)
Quechua: kay (qu)
Rade: jing
Romani: si
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), явля́ться (ru) impf or impf (javljátʹsja)
Sanskrit: अस्ति (sa) (asti)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Shan: please add this translation if you can
Slovak: byť (sk) impf
Slovene: biti (sl) impf
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś impf

Upper Sorbian: być (hsb) impf
Southern Thai: please add this translation if you can
Spanish: ser (es)
Swedish: vara (sv)
Tajik: будан (tg) (budan)
Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru) (present tense not used), ஆகு (ta) (āku), ஆ (ta) (ā)
Thai: เป็น (th) (bpen), คือ (th) (kʉʉ)
Tibetan: རེད (red), ཡིན་འགོད (yin 'god)
Tocharian B: tāk-
Turkish: imek (tr)
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Vietnamese: là (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)
Yoruba: ni, jẹ́
Zhuang: dwg

used to indicate that the values on either side of an equation are the same

Arabic:
Egyptian Arabic: يساوى m (yesāwī), يعمل m (yeʕmel)
Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Catalan: fer (ca), ésser (ca), ser (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì)
Czech: být (cs)
Danish: være (da), være lig med
Dutch: ^{(please verify)} gelijk zijn
Esperanto: egali, esti (eo)
Finnish: olla yhtä suuri kuin, olla (fi)
French: faire (fr)
German: sein (de)
Greek: ίσον (el) (íson)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí), εἰμί ἴσος (eimí ísos) (+ dative)
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Irish: bí cothrom le (ga)
Italian: essere uguale, fare (it)
Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə)
Korean: 같다 (ko) (gatda)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku)
Latin: sum (la)
Latvian: būt (lv)
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Macedonian: е еднакво на (e ednakvo na)
Malay: ialah (ms)
Jawi: اياله
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no) or være lik

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn) or vera, ^{(please verify)} vere lik
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl), równać się (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt), dar (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro), egala (ro)
Russian: равня́ться (ru) impf (ravnjátʹsja), равно́ (ru) (ravnó), быть (ru) (bytʹ), (e.g. a future tense is used: бу́дет (ru) (búdet)), полу́читься (ru) (polúčitʹsja), соста́вить (ru) (sostávitʹ), э́то (ru) (éto), — (“long dash”)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Swedish: vara (sv), vara lika med
Thai: เท่ากับ (th) (tâo-gàp)
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Vietnamese: là (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

used to indicate that the subject plays the role of the predicate nominal

Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast)
Basque: izan
Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ) (present tense seldom used)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì), (absent with adjectives)
Czech: být (cs)
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Emilian: êser
Esperanto: esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: être (fr)
German: sein (de)
Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí) (or no verb)
Haitian Creole: se
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Irish: is (ga)
Italian: essere (it)
Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da), ^{(please verify)} をやる (o yaru)
Korean: 이다 (ko) (ida)
Latin: sum (la)
Ligurian: êse
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
Malay: ialah (ms)
Jawi: اياله
Middle English: been
Navajo: átʼé, nilį́
Ngazidja Comorian: ukaya
Norman: être
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Old Turkic: 𐰼 (r² /⁠er-⁠/)
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), явля́ться (ru) (javljátʹsja)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Spanish: ser (es)
Swedish: vara (sv)
Thai: เป็น (th) (bpen), (absent with adjectives)
Tibetan: please add this translation if you can
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Vietnamese: là (vi), (absent with adjectives)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Zhuang: please add this translation if you can

used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes it

Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast), tar (ast), ser (ast), ser (ast), tar (ast)
Azerbaijani: *imək
Basque: izan, egon
Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ) (present tense seldom used)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca), estar (ca)
Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵉ (ili)
Chinese:
Mandarin: not used in Mandarin
Chuukese: mi
Czech: být (cs)
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Egyptian: not used in Egyptian
Emilian: êser
Esperanto: esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: être (fr)
Galician: ser (gl), estar (gl)
German: sein (de)
Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí) (or no verb), ἔχω (ékhō) + (an adverb equivalent to the adjective)
Hebrew: הוא (he) m (hu), היא (he) f (hi), הם (he) m pl (hem), הן (he) f pl (hen), הָיָה (he) (hayá) (past)
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Ido: esar (io)
Ingrian: olla
Irish: bí
Old Irish: at·tá
Italian: essere (it)
Japanese: not used in Japanese
Kabyle: d
Korean: not used in Korean
Latin: sum (la)
Latvian: būt (lv)
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Macedonian: е (mk) (e)
Malay: adalah (ms)
Jawi: اداله (ms)
Manx: bee
Middle English: been
Norman: être
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Pennsylvania German: sei
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt), estar (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Spanish: ser (es), estar (es)
Swedish: vara (sv)
Thai: not used in Thai
Turkish: *imek
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Uzbek: *emoq
Vietnamese: (optional with adjectives only) thì (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

used to indicate that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase

Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna) (present tense seldom used; often in place of present tense) هُوَ (ar) (huwa), هِيَ (ar) (hiya)
Egyptian Arabic: يبقى m (yebʔā)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast)
Azerbaijani: *imək
Basque: izan
Belarusian: быць (be) impf (bycʹ)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) impf (sǎm)
Catalan: ésser (ca), ser (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì)
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Emilian: êser
Esperanto: esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: être (fr)
German: sein (de)
Greek: είμαι (el) (eímai)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí) (or with no verb)
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Ingrian: olla
Irish: is (ga)
Italian: essere (it)
Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
Korean: 이다 (ko) (ida)
Latin: sum (la)
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
Middle English: been
Norman: être
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Pennsylvania German: sei
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl) impf
Portuguese: ser (pt), estar (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk) impf
Slovene: biti (sl) impf
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Spanish: ser (es)
Swedish: vara (sv)
Thai: เป็น (th) (bpen)
Turkish: *imek
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) impf (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Uzbek: *emoq
Vietnamese: là (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Zhuang: please add this translation if you can

used to link a subject to a count or measurement

Catalan: fer (ca), ésser (ca), ser (ca)
Finnish: olla (fi)
Galician: medir (gl)
German: sein (de)
Polish: mieć (pl)
Portuguese: ter (pt)
Slovak: byť (sk) impf
Spanish: ser (es)

used to indicate weather, air quality, or the like

Asturian: facer (ast)
Catalan: fer (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: not used in Mandarin
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: være (da)
Dutch: zijn (nl)
Esperanto: esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Finnish: olla (fi)
French: faire (fr)
German: sein (de)
Greek: κάνει (el) (kánei), έχει (el) (échei)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Irish: bí, is (ga)
Japanese: です (ja) (desu), である (ja) (dearu), だ (ja) (da)
Latin: sum (la)
Macedonian: е (mk) impf (e)
Middle English: been
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan)
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: fazer (pt), estar (pt)
Romanian: fi (ro)
Russian: (adverbs) (e.g. темно, холодно, жарко)
Slovak: byť (sk) impf
Swedish: vara (sv)
Vietnamese: có (vi)
Welsh: bod (cy)

intransitive, non-copulative: exist

Albanian: jam (sq)
Arabic: كَانَ (ar) (kāna)
Egyptian Arabic: موجود (mawgūd)
Armenian: լինել (hy) (linel)
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܗܵܘܹܐ (hawe)
Asturian: ser (ast)
Avar: букӏине (bukʼine)
Azerbaijani: var (az)
Balinese: ada
Basque: izan
Belarusian: быць (be) (bycʹ)
Bengali: হওয়া (bn) (hoōẇa)
Breton: bezañ (br)
Bulgarian: съм (bg) (sǎm)
Buryat: байха (bajxa)
Catalan: haver-hi (ca), existir (ca)
Cebuano: nangin
Chechen: хила (xila)
Chinese:
Dungan: ю (i͡u), зэ (ze)

Mandarin: 是 (zh) (shì), 有 (zh) (yǒu), 存在 (zh) (cúnzài), 在 (zh)
Cornish: bos
Czech: být (cs) impf
Danish: være (da), være til
Dutch: zijn (nl), bestaan (nl)
Egyptian:

(wnn)
Emilian: êsreg
Esperanto: ekzisti (eo), esti (eo)
Estonian: olema (et)
Even: би- (ʙi-)
Evenki: би- (bi-)
Faroese: vera (fo), finnast
Finnish: olla (fi), olla olemassa (fi)
Franco-Provençal: étre
French: être (fr)
Galician: ser (gl)
Georgian: არსებობა (arseboba), არსებობს (arsebobs) (infinitive)
German: sein (de), existieren (de)
Alemannic German: sii
Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (wisan)
Greek: υπάρχω (el) (ypárcho)
Ancient: εἰμί (eimí), ὑπάρχω (hupárkhō), ὑπόκειμαι (hupókeimai), συμβαίνω (sumbaínō)
Greenlandic: a
Hebrew: הָיָה (he) (hayá)
Hiligaynon: kamao, pagkamao
Hindi: होना (hi) (honā)
Icelandic: vera (is)
Ido: existar (io)
Indonesian: ada (id)
Ingrian: olla
Ingush: хила (xila)
Irish: bí
Old Irish: at·tá
Italian: essere (it), esserci (it)
Japanese: 在る (ja) (aru), 存在する (ja) (そんざいする, sonzai suru), いる (ja) (iru), いらっしゃる (ja) (irassharu) (honorific)
Jarawa: ʈʰi
Kashmiri: آسُن (āsun)
Khmer: ជា (km) (ciə), គឺ (km) (kɨɨ), មាន (km) (miən)
Korean: 있다 (ko) (itda), 존재하다 (ko) (jonjaehada), 계시다 (ko) (gyesida) (honorific)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: bûn (ku), hebûn (ku)
Ladin: vester
Lao: ຢູ່ (yū)
Latin: sum (la)
Latvian: būt (lv)
Ligurian: êse
Lithuanian: būti (lt)
Low German:
German Low German: wesen (nds) (dialectal), sien (nds) (dialectal); bestahn, existeren
Lü: please add this translation if you can
Macedonian: е (mk) (e), по́стои (póstoi)
Malay: ada (ms)
Jawi: اد (ms)
Manchu: ᠪᡳᠮᠪᡳ (bimbi)
Manx: bee
Mazanderani: بیه‌ن (biyen), دأیه‌ن (dayen)
Middle English: been
Mòcheno: sai'
Mongolian:
Cyrillic: байх (mn) (bajx)
Nanai: би- (bi-)
Ngazidja Comorian: ukaya
Norman: être
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: være (no)

Norwegian Nynorsk: vera (nn), vere (nn)
Occitan: èsser (oc)
Odia: ହେବା (or) (hebā)
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: бꙑти impf (byti)
Old English: wesan (ang)
Ossetian: уын (wyn)
Papiamentu: ta
Pennsylvania German: sei
Persian: بودَن (fa) (budan), تشریف داشتن (tašrif dâštan)
Pipil: nemi
Polish: być (pl)
Portuguese: ser (pt), haver (pt), existir (pt)
Quechua: kai
Romani: si
Romanian: fi (ro), exista (ro)
Russian: быть (ru) impf (bytʹ) (present tense seldom used), существова́ть (ru) impf (suščestvovátʹ)
Sanskrit: अस्ति (sa) (asti), भवति (sa) (bhavati)
Sardinian: essere, essere
Saterland Frisian: weze
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: би̏ти impf, постојати impf

Roman: bȉti (sh) impf, postojati (sh) impf
Slovak: byť (sk)
Slovene: biti (sl)
Somali: jirid (so)
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian: byś
Spanish: ser (es), existir (es), haber (es), seer (es)
Swedish: vara (sv), existera (sv), finnas (sv), finnas till, vara till (sv)
Tagalog: maging
Tamil: இரு (ta) (iru), உள் (ta) (uḷ), ^{(please verify)} நிலவு (ta) (nilavu)
Telugu: ఉండు (te) (uṇḍu)
Tetum: iha
Thai: มีอยู่ (mii-yùu), อยู่ (th) (yùu)
Turkish: var (tr)
Ukrainian: бу́ти (uk) (búty)
Urdu: ہونا (honā)
Venetan: èser (vec)
Vietnamese: có (vi)
Volapük: binön (vo)
Welsh: bod (cy)
Yakut: баар (baar)
Zazaki: est
Zhuang: please add this translation if you can

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Ancient Greek: ^{(please verify)} εἰμί (eimí)
Breton: ^{(please verify)} bezañ (br)
Ido: ^{(please verify)} esar (io), ^{(please verify)} existar (io)
Interlingua: ^{(please verify)} esser (ia), ^{(please verify)} ser (ia)
Kannada: ^{(please verify)} ಇರ (kn) (ira)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: ^{(please verify)} bûn (ku)
Maltese: ^{(please verify)} nkun, ^{(please verify)} tkun
Occitan: ^{(please verify)} èsser (oc)
Old English: ^{(please verify)} bēon, ^{(please verify)} wesan (ang)
Old Norse: ^{(please verify)} vera
Romansch: ^{(please verify)} esser, ^{(please verify)} star
Vietnamese: (usually omitted when intransitive) ^{(please verify)} là (vi)

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