brunir

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See also: bruñir

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French brunir, from Old French brunir (“to polish, make brown”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bʁy.niʁ/
  • Audio(file)

Verb

brunir

  1. to brown (to become brown)
  2. to burnish (to polish gold or silver etc)

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of brunir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple brunir
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple brunissant
/bʁy.ni.sɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle bruni
/bʁy.ni/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present brunis
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunis
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunit
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunissons
/bʁy.ni.sɔ̃/ 		brunissez
/bʁy.ni.se/ 		brunissent
/bʁy.nis/
imperfect brunissais
/bʁy.ni.sɛ/ 		brunissais
/bʁy.ni.sɛ/ 		brunissait
/bʁy.ni.sɛ/ 		brunissions
/bʁy.ni.sjɔ̃/ 		brunissiez
/bʁy.ni.sje/ 		brunissaient
/bʁy.ni.sɛ/
past historic2 brunis
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunis
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunit
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunîmes
/bʁy.nim/ 		brunîtes
/bʁy.nit/ 		brunirent
/bʁy.niʁ/
future brunirai
/bʁy.ni.ʁe/ 		bruniras
/bʁy.ni.ʁa/ 		brunira
/bʁy.ni.ʁa/ 		brunirons
/bʁy.ni.ʁɔ̃/ 		brunirez
/bʁy.ni.ʁe/ 		bruniront
/bʁy.ni.ʁɔ̃/
conditional brunirais
/bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/ 		brunirais
/bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/ 		brunirait
/bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/ 		brunirions
/bʁy.ni.ʁjɔ̃/ 		bruniriez
/bʁy.ni.ʁje/ 		bruniraient
/bʁy.ni.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present brunisse
/bʁy.nis/ 		brunisses
/bʁy.nis/ 		brunisse
/bʁy.nis/ 		brunissions
/bʁy.ni.sjɔ̃/ 		brunissiez
/bʁy.ni.sje/ 		brunissent
/bʁy.nis/
imperfect2 brunisse
/bʁy.nis/ 		brunisses
/bʁy.nis/ 		brunît
/bʁy.ni/ 		brunissions
/bʁy.ni.sjɔ̃/ 		brunissiez
/bʁy.ni.sje/ 		brunissent
/bʁy.nis/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — brunis
/bʁy.ni/ 		— brunissons
/bʁy.ni.sɔ̃/ 		brunissez
/bʁy.ni.se/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris , Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Further reading

Old French

Alternative forms

Etymology

Borrowed from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate, tan”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”).

Verb

brunir

  1. to polish (of metal, to clean and make shiny)

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of brunir (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple compound
infinitive brunir avoir bruni
gerund en brunissant gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle brunissant
past participle bruni
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu il nos vos il
simple
tenses 		present brunis brunis brunist brunissons brunissez brunissent
imperfect brunissoie, brunisseie brunissoies, brunisseies brunissoit, brunisseit brunissiiens, brunissiens brunissiiez, brunissiez brunissoient, brunisseient
preterite bruni brunis bruni brunimes brunistes brunirent
future brunirai bruniras brunira brunirons bruniroiz, brunireiz, brunirez bruniront
conditional bruniroie, brunireie bruniroies, brunireies bruniroit, brunireit bruniriiens, bruniriens bruniriiez, bruniriez bruniroient, brunireient
compound
tenses 		present perfect present tense of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
past anterior preterite tense of avoir + past participle
future perfect future tense of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que jo que tu qu’il que nos que vos qu’il
simple
tenses 		present brunisse brunisses brunisse brunissons brunissez brunissent
imperfect brunisse brunisses brunist brunissons, brunissiens brunissoiz, brunissez, brunissiez brunissent
compound
tenses 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nos vos –
— brunis — brunissons brunissez —

Descendants

References

  • Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (brunir, supplement)

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese bronir, from Old Occitan brunir, from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate, tan”), from *brūnaz (“brown”).

Pronunciation

 
 

  • Hyphenation: bru‧nir

Verb

brunir (first-person singular present bruno, first-person singular preterite bruni, past participle brunido)

  1. to burnish
    Synonym: polir
  2. to smooth
    Synonym: alisar
  3. (Portugal) to iron (to unwrinkle clothes with an iron)
    Synonyms: engomar, passar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of brunir (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal brunir
Personal brunir brunires brunir brunirmos brunirdes brunirem
Gerund
brunindo
Past participle
Masculine brunido brunidos
Feminine brunida brunidas
Indicative
Present bruno brunes brune brunimos brunis brunem
Imperfect brunia brunias brunia bruníamos bruníeis bruniam
Preterite bruni bruniste bruniu brunimos brunistes bruniram
Pluperfect brunira bruniras brunira bruníramos bruníreis bruniram
Future brunirei brunirás brunirá bruniremos brunireis brunirão
Conditional bruniria brunirias bruniria bruniríamos bruniríeis bruniriam
Subjunctive
Present bruna brunas bruna brunamos brunais brunam
Imperfect brunisse brunisses brunisse bruníssemos brunísseis brunissem
Future brunir brunires brunir brunirmos brunirdes brunirem
Imperative
Affirmative brune bruna brunamos bruni brunam
Negative (não) não brunas não bruna não brunamos não brunais não brunam
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