być

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See also: byc

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /bɨt͡ɕ/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /bɨt͡ɕ/

Verb

być impf (indeterminate bywać)

  1. (intransitive) to be, to exist
  2. (compulative) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class)
    Jeśm kowalem.I am a blacksmith.
  3. (compulative) to be (auxilary verb used for predication)
    Jeśm zmęczona.I am tired.
  4. (auxiliary) in future tense, forms the compound future tense of imperfective verbs
    Będę biegać.I'll be running.
  5. (auxiliary) in present tense, forms the compound past tense
    Wczora to napisał jeśm.I wrote this down yesterday.
  6. (auxiliary) in past tense, forms the pluperfect tense
    On to był zrobił przód tem.He had done it before.
  7. (auxiliary) in aorist, forms the conditional mood
    My bychom tam poszli.We would have gone there.

Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

adjectives
nouns
verbs

Descendants

  • Masurian: bicz
  • Polish: być
  • Silesian: być

References

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish być.

Pronunciation

Verb

być impf (indeterminate bywać)

  1. (copulative) to be indicates sameness or membership in a class
  2. (copulative) to be auxilary verb used for predication
    Jestem zmęczona.I am tired.
  3. (intransitive) in future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs
  4. (archaic, intransitive) in past tense, forms pluperfect tense
    • 1859, Jean Jacques Rapet, Przewodnik moralności i ekonomii-politycznej dla użytku klass roboczych, Behr Bock, page 170:
      Gdybyś naprzykład, panie Rawski, był zjadł wszystko coś zarobił, to byś nie był zebrał majątku.
      If you for example, Mr Rawski, had eaten everything that you earned, then you would not have collected a fortune.
    • 1869, Charles Edmond, translated by Edmund Chojecki, Alkhadar: uste̜p z dziejów ojców naszych, F.A. Brockhaus, page 231:
      Nastusia na pół osunięta, na pół wsparta na dębie, na pół omdlała, z oczyma szeroko, nieruchomie otwartemi, utkwionemi w stronę, gdzie jastrząb dokonał był pomyślnych swoich łowów, strasznie dyszała.
      Nastusia, half-fallen, half-supported by the oak, with her eyes opened wide in a motionless manner, fixed in the direction where the hawk had successfully carried out its hunts, was panting terribly.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1871, Czesław Pieniążek, Włościanin: czasopismo ilustrowane dla ludu, Budweiser, page 34:
      Ale cóż, gdyby był poszedł tam w to miejsce, jakie przystało honorowi i jego osobie, toby był musiał co dzień kilka i kilkanaście złotych wydać; to cóż on robił?
      Oh well, if he had gone there into that place, as befitted his honour and his person, then he would have had to spend a few and a few dozen złoty; so what did he do?
  5. (intransitive) to be indicates location, there be
    Antonym: nie ma

Usage notes

The object is either in nominative or instrumental case; the former is often used when introducing oneself, and implies the object to be definite (Ja jestem Czesław, a to jest Marysia), in the latter the object is usually indefinite (Ona jest studentką "She is a college student"), although not exclusively (W tym momencie zorientował się, że Bruce Wayne jest Batmanem "In that moment he realised that Bruce Wayne is Batman").

Conjugation

Derived terms

verbs
adjective
nouns

Related terms

noun
verbs

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), być is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 2049 times in scientific texts, 1174 times in news, 1865 times in essays, 1791 times in fiction, and 2742 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 9621 times, making it the 3rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “być”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 39

Further reading

  • być in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • być in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “być”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • BYĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 10.12.2021
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 243
  • być in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
  • Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa (2021) “być”, in Wielki słownik etymologiczno-historyczny języka polskiego, →ISBN, pages 74-78

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish być.

Pronunciation

Verb

być impf (indeterminate bywać)

  1. (copulative) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class)
  2. (copulative) to be (auxilary verb used for predication)
  3. (intransitive) in future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs
  4. (intransitive) in past tense, forms pluperfect tense

Conjugation

Related terms

nouns
verb

Further reading

  • byc in dykcjonorz.eu
  • być in silling.org

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti.

Pronunciation

Verb

być impf

  1. to be

Conjugation

Derived terms

verbs

Further reading

  • Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “być”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 57
  • Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “buć”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 54
  • być” in Soblex