cúl

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "cul"

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish cúl, cognate with Latin cūlus.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kuːl̪ˠ/, /kuːlˠ/

Noun

cúl m (genitive singular cúil, nominative plural cúil)

  1. behind
  2. back
  3. (sports) goal
    Synonym: báire
    1. (score gained)
    2. (target area)
      Synonym: góraí
  4. tail

Declension

Declension of cúl

First declension

Bare forms:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative cúl cúil
Vocative a chúil a chúla
Genitive cúil cúl
Dative cúl cúil

Forms with the definite article:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an cúl na cúil
Genitive an chúil na gcúl
Dative leis an gcúl

don chúl

leis na cúil

  • Alternative plural: cúla (used in certain phrases)

Derived terms

Verb

cúl (present analytic cúlann, future analytic cúlfaidh, verbal noun cúladh, past participle cúlta)

  1. Alternative form of cúlaigh

Conjugation

conjugation of cúl (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present cúlaim cúlann tú;
cúlair† 		cúlann sé, sí cúlaimid cúlann sibh cúlann siad;
cúlaid† 		a chúlann; a chúlas /
a gcúlann* 		cúltar
past chúl mé; chúlas chúl tú; chúlais chúl sé, sí chúlamar; chúl muid chúl sibh; chúlabhair chúl siad; chúladar a chúl /
ar chúl* 		cúladh
past habitual chúlainn / gcúlainn‡‡ chúltá / gcúltᇇ chúladh sé, sí / gcúladh sé, s퇇 chúlaimis; chúladh muid / gcúlaimis‡‡; gcúladh muid‡‡ chúladh sibh / gcúladh sibh‡‡ chúlaidís; chúladh siad / gcúlaidís‡‡; gcúladh siad‡‡ a chúladh /
a gcúladh* 		chúltaí / gcúlta퇇
future cúlfaidh mé;
cúlfad 		cúlfaidh tú;
cúlfair† 		cúlfaidh sé, sí cúlfaimid;
cúlfaidh muid 		cúlfaidh sibh cúlfaidh siad;
cúlfaid† 		a chúlfaidh; a chúlfas /
a gcúlfaidh* 		cúlfar
conditional chúlfainn / gcúlfainn‡‡ chúlfá / gcúlfᇇ chúlfadh sé, sí / gcúlfadh sé, s퇇 chúlfaimis; chúlfadh muid / gcúlfaimis‡‡; gcúlfadh muid‡‡ chúlfadh sibh / gcúlfadh sibh‡‡ chúlfaidís; chúlfadh siad / gcúlfaidís‡‡; gcúlfadh siad‡‡ a chúlfadh /
a gcúlfadh* 		chúlfaí / gcúlfa퇇
subjunctive present go gcúla mé;
go gcúlad† 		go gcúla tú;
go gcúlair† 		go gcúla sé, sí go gcúlaimid;
go gcúla muid 		go gcúla sibh go gcúla siad;
go gcúlaid† 		— go gcúltar
past dá gcúlainn dá gcúltá dá gcúladh sé, sí dá gcúlaimis;
dá gcúladh muid 		dá gcúladh sibh dá gcúlaidís;
dá gcúladh siad 		— dá gcúltaí
imperative cúlaim cúl cúladh sé, sí cúlaimis cúlaigí;
cúlaidh† 		cúlaidís — cúltar
verbal noun cúladh
past participle cúlta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
cúl chúl gcúl
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cúl”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Further reading

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kūlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kuH-l-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”). Cognate with Welsh cil and Latin cūlus.

Pronunciation

Noun

cúl m (genitive cúil, nominative plural cúil)

  1. back
  2. rear

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative cúl cúlL cúilL
Vocative cúil cúlL cúluH
Accusative cúlN cúlL cúluH
Genitive cúilL cúl cúlN
Dative cúlL cúlaib cúlaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Irish: cúl
  • Manx: cooyl
  • Scottish Gaelic: cùl

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
cúl chúl cúl
pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia