caledu

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Welsh

Alternative forms

Etymology

From caled (“hard; rough, cruel”) +‎ -u.

Pronunciation

Verb

caledu (first-person singular present caledaf) (transitive, intransitive)

  1. to harden (become hardened), dry
    1. (figuratively) to grow unfeeling or stubborn, render hard or obdurate
    Antonym: meddalu
  2. (grammar, phonology, of consonant) to harden, pronounce as voiceless
    Antonym: meddalu
  3. to grow stingy or niggardly
  4. to become costive or constipated, constipate
  5. to temper (iron, steel)

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future caledaf caledi caleda caledwn caledwch caledant caledir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/
conditional 		caledwn caledit caledai caledem caledech caledent caledid
preterite caledais caledaist caledodd caledasom caledasoch caledasant caledwyd
pluperfect caledaswn caledasit caledasai caledasem caledasech caledasent caledasid, caledesid
present subjunctive caledwyf caledych caledo caledom caledoch caledont caleder
imperative — -, caleda caleded caledwn caledwch caledent caleder
verbal noun caledu
verbal adjectives calededig
caledadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future caleda i, caledaf i caledi di caledith o/e/hi, calediff e/hi caledwn ni caledwch chi caledan nhw
conditional caledwn i, caledswn i caledet ti, caledset ti caledai fo/fe/hi, caledsai fo/fe/hi caleden ni, caledsen ni caledech chi, caledsech chi caleden nhw, caledsen nhw
preterite caledais i, caledes i caledaist ti, caledest ti caledodd o/e/hi caledon ni caledoch chi caledon nhw
imperative — caleda — — caledwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
caledu galedu nghaledu chaledu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “caledaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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