Inherited from Old French quasser, from Latin quassāre, influenced by Late Latin cassāre (“to annul”).
casser
infinitive | simple | casser | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | cassant /ka.sɑ̃/ or /kɑ.sɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | cassé /ka.se/ or /kɑ.se/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | casse /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
casses /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
casse /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
cassons /ka.sɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sɔ̃/ |
cassez /ka.se/ or /kɑ.se/ |
cassent /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
imperfect | cassais /ka.sɛ/ or /kɑ.sɛ/ |
cassais /ka.sɛ/ or /kɑ.sɛ/ |
cassait /ka.sɛ/ or /kɑ.sɛ/ |
cassions /ka.sjɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sjɔ̃/ |
cassiez /ka.sje/ or /kɑ.sje/ |
cassaient /ka.sɛ/ or /kɑ.sɛ/ | |
past historic2 | cassai /ka.se/ or /kɑ.se/ |
cassas /ka.sa/ or /kɑ.sa/ |
cassa /ka.sa/ or /kɑ.sa/ |
cassâmes /ka.sam/ or /kɑ.sam/ |
cassâtes /ka.sat/ or /kɑ.sat/ |
cassèrent /ka.sɛʁ/ or /kɑ.sɛʁ/ | |
future | casserai /ka.sʁe/ or /kɑ.sʁe/ |
casseras /ka.sʁa/ or /kɑ.sʁa/ |
cassera /ka.sʁa/ or /kɑ.sʁa/ |
casserons /ka.sʁɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sʁɔ̃/ |
casserez /ka.sʁe/ or /kɑ.sʁe/ |
casseront /ka.sʁɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | casserais /ka.sʁɛ/ or /kɑ.sʁɛ/ |
casserais /ka.sʁɛ/ or /kɑ.sʁɛ/ |
casserait /ka.sʁɛ/ or /kɑ.sʁɛ/ |
casserions /ka.sə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
casseriez /ka.sə.ʁje/ or /kɑ.sə.ʁje/ |
casseraient /ka.sʁɛ/ or /kɑ.sʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | casse /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
casses /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
casse /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
cassions /ka.sjɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sjɔ̃/ |
cassiez /ka.sje/ or /kɑ.sje/ |
cassent /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
imperfect2 | cassasse /ka.sas/ or /kɑ.sas/ |
cassasses /ka.sas/ or /kɑ.sas/ |
cassât /ka.sa/ or /kɑ.sa/ |
cassassions /ka.sa.sjɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sa.sjɔ̃/ |
cassassiez /ka.sa.sje/ or /kɑ.sa.sje/ |
cassassent /ka.sas/ or /kɑ.sas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | casse /kas/ or /kɑs/ |
— | cassons /ka.sɔ̃/ or /kɑ.sɔ̃/ |
cassez /ka.se/ or /kɑ.se/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris , Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
casser
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-sss, *-sst are modified to s, s, st. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | casser | avoir cassé | |||||
gerund | en cassant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | cassant | ||||||
past participle | cassé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | cas | casses | casse | cassons | cassez | cassent |
imperfect | cassoie, casseie, cassoe, casseve | cassoies, casseies, cassoes, casseves | cassoit, casseit, cassot, casseve | cassiiens, cassiens | cassiiez, cassiez | cassoient, casseient, cassoent, cassevent | |
preterite | cassai | cassas | cassa | cassames | cassastes | casserent | |
future | casserai | casseras | cassera | casserons | casseroiz, cassereiz, casserez | casseront | |
conditional | casseroie, cassereie | casseroies, cassereies | casseroit, cassereit | casseriiens, casseriens | casseriiez, casseriez | casseroient, cassereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | cas | cas | cast | cassons | cassez | cassent |
imperfect | cassasse | cassasses | cassast | cassissons, cassissiens | cassissoiz, cassissez, cassissiez | cassassent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | casse | — | cassons | cassez | — |