caveo

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Latin

Cave canem
Beware of the dog

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *kawēō, from earlier *kawējō, from Proto-Italic stative *(s)kewh₁-éh₁-(ye)-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, pay attention”).

Cognate with Ancient Greek κοέω (koéō), Sanskrit कवि (kaví, “wise, poet, seer, sage”), Lithuanian kavoti (“safeguard, tend”), Russian чу́ять (čújatʹ), Old Armenian ցուցանեմ (cʻucʻanem, “I show”), English show.

Pronunciation

Verb

caveō (present infinitive cavēre, perfect active cāvī, supine cautum); second conjugation

  1. to take precautions, beware, take care; to guard against, attend to a thing for a person, provide
    Synonyms: cūrō, accūrō, servō, videō, cōnsulō, prōcūrō, colō, cōnsultō
    Caveat emptor.
    Buyer beware.
    1. (with accusative) to beware of, keep away from, avoid
  2. (with ablative, with dative, with ab, with cum, with nē, with ut) to guard against, to be on one's guard against, to take care that (not)
    1. (imperative) beware not to!, refrain from!, make sure that not, mind that you don't!
      Cave sīs tē videam!
      Make sure I don't see you again!
      • c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 50.13–14:
        Nunc audāx cave sīs, precēsque nostrās/ōrāmus, cave dēspuās, ocelle!
        Beware of being haughty now, I beg you, and don't reject my desperate request, my jewel!
  3. (with dative) to look out in the interests of
  4. (law) to make legal provisions (for or against), to order, decree, stipulate
  5. (law) to give surety or guarantees, to secure bail; to pledge, certify
    1. (with ab) to procure bail or surety from

Usage notes

The primary sense ("beware") may either govern a noun in the accusative or a subjunctive clause joined with nē, with the meaning "beware not to, make sure that you don't". However, the latter use became idiomatic early on with the particle nē omitted. In either case, the semantically-weakened cavĕ regularly has a short final vowel through iambic shortening. C.f. the parallel positive vidĕ (“see that, make sure to”).

Conjugation

   Conjugation of caveō (second conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present caveō cavēs cavet cavēmus cavētis cavent
imperfect cavēbam cavēbās cavēbat cavēbāmus cavēbātis cavēbant
future cavēbō cavēbis cavēbit cavēbimus cavēbitis cavēbunt
perfect cāvī cāvistī,
cāstī1 		cāvit,
cāt1 		cāvimus,
cāmus1 		cāvistis,
cāstis1 		cāvērunt,
cāvēre,
cārunt1
pluperfect cāveram,
cāram1 		cāverās,
cārās1 		cāverat,
cārat1 		cāverāmus,
cārāmus1 		cāverātis,
cārātis1 		cāverant,
cārant1
future perfect cāverō,
cārō1 		cāveris,
cāris1 		cāverit,
cārit1 		cāverimus,
cārimus1 		cāveritis,
cāritis1 		cāverint,
cārint1
passive present caveor cavēris,
cavēre 		cavētur cavēmur cavēminī caventur
imperfect cavēbar cavēbāris,
cavēbāre 		cavēbātur cavēbāmur cavēbāminī cavēbantur
future cavēbor cavēberis,
cavēbere 		cavēbitur cavēbimur cavēbiminī cavēbuntur
perfect cautus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect cautus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect cautus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present caveam caveās caveat caveāmus caveātis caveant
imperfect cavērem cavērēs cavēret cavērēmus cavērētis cavērent
perfect cāverim,
cārim1 		cāverīs,
cārīs1 		cāverit,
cārit1 		cāverīmus,
cārīmus1 		cāverītis,
cārītis1 		cāverint,
cārint1
pluperfect cāvissem,
cāssem1 		cāvissēs,
cāssēs1 		cāvisset,
cāsset1 		cāvissēmus,
cāssēmus1 		cāvissētis,
cāssētis1 		cāvissent,
cāssent1
passive present cavear caveāris,
caveāre 		caveātur caveāmur caveāminī caveantur
imperfect cavērer cavērēris,
cavērēre 		cavērētur cavērēmur cavērēminī cavērentur
perfect cautus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect cautus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — cavē — — cavēte —
future — cavētō cavētō — cavētōte caventō
passive present — cavēre — — cavēminī —
future — cavētor cavētor — — caventor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives cavēre cāvisse,
cāsse1 		cautūrum esse cavērī cautum esse cautum īrī
participles cavēns — cautūrus — cautus cavendus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
cavendī cavendō cavendum cavendō cautum cautū

1At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *cavicare

References

  • “caveō” on page 315 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
  • “caveo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “caveo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • caveo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
    • (ambiguous) to prescribe in one's will: testamento aliquid cavere (Fin. 2. 31)
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