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Icelandic
Noun
dún
- indefinite accusative singular of dúnn
Irish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old Irish dún, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).
Noun
dún m (genitive singular dúin or dúna, nominative plural dúnta or dúna or dúinte)
- fort; fortress
- place of refuge, haven
- (secure) residence, house
- promontory fort; bluff
Declension
- Alternative declension
Alternative plural: dúinte
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Old Irish dúnaid, dúinid (“shuts, closes; blocks, obstructs; joins, clasps; closes, ends”).
Verb
dún (present analytic dúnann, future analytic dúnfaidh, verbal noun dúnadh, past participle dúnta)
- (transitive, intransitive) close, shut
- Synonym: (Ulster) druid
- (transitive, intransitive) draw together; secure, fasten
Conjugation
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singular
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plural
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relative
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autonomous
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first
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second
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third
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first
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second
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third
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indicative
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present
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dúnaim
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dúnann tú; dúnair†
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dúnann sé, sí
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dúnaimid
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dúnann sibh
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dúnann siad; dúnaid†
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a dhúnann; a dhúnas / a ndúnann*; a ndúnas*
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dúntar
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past
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dhún mé; dhúnas
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dhún tú; dhúnais
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dhún sé, sí
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dhúnamar; dhún muid
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dhún sibh; dhúnabhair
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dhún siad; dhúnadar
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a dhún / ar dhún*
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dúnadh
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past habitual
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dhúnainn / ndúnainn‡‡
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dhúntá / ndúntᇇ
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dhúnadh sé, sí / ndúnadh sé, s퇇
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dhúnaimis; dhúnadh muid / ndúnaimis‡‡; ndúnadh muid‡‡
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dhúnadh sibh / ndúnadh sibh‡‡
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dhúnaidís; dhúnadh siad / ndúnaidís‡‡; ndúnadh siad‡‡
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a dhúnadh / a ndúnadh*
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dhúntaí / ndúnta퇇
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future
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dúnfaidh mé; dúnfad
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dúnfaidh tú; dúnfair†
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dúnfaidh sé, sí
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dúnfaimid; dúnfaidh muid
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dúnfaidh sibh
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dúnfaidh siad; dúnfaid†
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a dhúnfaidh; a dhúnfas / a ndúnfaidh*; a ndúnfas*
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dúnfar
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conditional
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dhúnfainn / ndúnfainn‡‡
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dhúnfá / ndúnfᇇ
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dhúnfadh sé, sí / ndúnfadh sé, s퇇
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dhúnfaimis; dhúnfadh muid / ndúnfaimis‡‡; ndúnfadh muid‡‡
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dhúnfadh sibh / ndúnfadh sibh‡‡
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dhúnfaidís; dhúnfadh siad / ndúnfaidís‡‡; ndúnfadh siad‡‡
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a dhúnfadh / a ndúnfadh*
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dhúnfaí / ndúnfa퇇
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subjunctive
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present
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go ndúna mé; go ndúnad†
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go ndúna tú; go ndúnair†
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go ndúna sé, sí
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go ndúnaimid; go ndúna muid
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go ndúna sibh
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go ndúna siad; go ndúnaid†
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—
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go ndúntar
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past
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dá ndúnainn
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dá ndúntá
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dá ndúnadh sé, sí
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dá ndúnaimis; dá ndúnadh muid
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dá ndúnadh sibh
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dá ndúnaidís; dá ndúnadh siad
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—
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dá ndúntaí
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imperative
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dúnaim
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dún
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dúnadh sé, sí
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dúnaimis
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dúnaigí; dúnaidh†
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dúnaidís
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—
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dúntar
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verbal noun
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dúnadh
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past participle
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dúnta
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* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Alternative forms
Mutation
Irish mutation
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Radical
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Lenition
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Eclipsis
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dún
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dhún
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ndún
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Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “dún”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “dún”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “dúnaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 73
Old Irish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).
Noun
dún n (genitive dúin or dúine, nominative plural dúna or dúine)
- fort
- fortress
Inflection
Neuter o-stem
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Singular
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Dual
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Plural
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Nominative
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dúnN
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dúnN
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dúnL, dúna
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Vocative
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dúnN
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dúnN
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dúnL, dúna
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Accusative
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dúnN
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dúnN
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dúnL, dúna
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Genitive
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dúinL
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dún
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dúnN
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Dative
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dúnL
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dúnaib
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dúnaib
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Initial mutations of a following adjective:
- H = triggers aspiration
- L = triggers lenition
- N = triggers nasalization
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Neuter s-stem
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Singular
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Dual
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Plural
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Nominative
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dúnN
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dúnN
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dúineL
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Vocative
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dúnN
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dúnN
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dúineL
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Accusative
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dúnN
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dúnN
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dúineL
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Genitive
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dúineL
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dúine
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dúineN
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Dative
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dúinL
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dúinib
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dúinib
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Initial mutations of a following adjective:
- H = triggers aspiration
- L = triggers lenition
- N = triggers nasalization
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Descendants
Etymology 2
From do + sinn.
Pronoun
dún
- Alternative spelling of dúnn
Mutation
Old Irish mutation
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Radical |
Lenition |
Nasalization
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dún
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dún pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/
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ndún
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Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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Further reading
West Frisian
Etymology
From Old Frisian *dūn, dūne, borrowed from Middle Dutch dune, from Old Dutch dūn, dūno, from Proto-West Germanic *dūnā.
Noun
dún c (plural dunen, diminutive dúntsje)
- dune
Further reading
- “dún (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011