de

See also: Appendix:Variations of "de"

Translingual

English Wikipedia has an article on:

de

Wikipedia

Etymology

(ISO 639-1): Clipping of German Deutsch
(radio slang): From French de.

Symbol

de

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for German.
Coordinate term: deu
(radio slang) from (operator), this is (operator)

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Russian дэ (dɛ).

Noun

de (plural des)

The name of the Cyrillic script letter Д / д.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

dee (Northumberland)

Verb

de (third-person singular simple present diz, present participle dein, simple past did, past participle dyun)

(Northumbria) Alternative form of dee (“to do”).

References

Frank Graham (1987) The New Geordie Dictionary, →ISBN
Newcastle 1970s, Scott Dobson and Dick Irwin,
Northumberland Words, English Dialect Society, R. Oliver Heslop, 1893–4
A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Bill Griffiths, 2005, Northumbria University Press, →ISBN

Etymology 3

Article

de

(African-American Vernacular, Bermuda, Caribbean, Jamaica) Pronunciation spelling of the.
- 1964 [1929], William Faulkner, Sartoris (The Collected Works of William Faulkner), London: Chatto & Windus, page 22:
  “He went to’ds de back, ma’am.” The negro opened the door and slid his legs, clad in army O.D. and a pair of linoleum putties, to the ground. “‘I’ll go git ’im.”’
- 2013 April 12, “Exclusive: Meet Derpuntae - Bermuda's first meme”, in The Bermuda Sun‎, archived from the original on 2022-12-12:
  So I'll prolly say de biggest threat to Bermy is de new selfish mentality like, she ank helpin no one in de end.

Etymology 4

Interjection

de

A meaningless unstressed syllable used when singing a tune or indicating a rhythm.
"Dum de dum, dum de dum", he hummed as he sauntered down the road.

Etymology 5

Borrowed from French de (“of”).

Preposition

de

(historical) Used in the titles of French nobility; of.
- 2009 November 5, Alex von Tunzelmann, “The Affair of the Necklace: nothing to get hot under the collar over”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-10:
  Conwoman Jeanne de La Motte stole a 2,800-carat diamond necklace, The Slave's Collar, by convincing the Cardinal de Rohan that Queen Marie-Antoinette wanted it.
- 2014, Alina García-Lapuerta, La Belle Créole: The Cuban Countess Who Captivated Havana, Madrid, and Paris, Chicago, I.L.: Chicago Review Press, →ISBN, page 236:
  When Prosper Mérimée had next seen Mercedes after Spain, in March 1846, he told the Countess de Montijo that Mercedes "looked less well preserved [and] limped a little."

References

“de, prep.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

Anagrams

-ed, -èd, E.D., ED, Ed, Ed., ed, ed-, ed.

Albanian

Etymology

Compare Romanian di, employed with horses or oxen for the same purpose.

Interjection

de

Denotes intensity, often after imperatives or some adverbs.
Fol de! ― Speak!

Ashtu de! ― This manner! (expressing happiness or satisfaction for the work done)

Hë të lumtë goja, de! ― May thy mouth be blessed!
Spurs a horse to move: giddyup

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

der (preconsonantic & prevocalic)
der (prevocalic, besides preconsonantic de)
d'r, dr (Bern)

Article

de

(definite) the
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 10:
  Fründ der Natur
- 1879, Leonhard Steiner, Glärnisch-Fahrt. Gedicht in Zürcher Mundart, p. 30:
  ; der erst und de zweit Stock
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, published in Zürich by Verlag von Orell Füßli & Co., I. Teil, p. 5:
  so luted der erst Atrag, wo bi der Umfrog vom Pfleger Heieri Guetchnecht vorbrocht würd.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 13:
  wo die Flüchtigkeit der Zeit den Ernst des Läbens dem Gemüeti näher bringt.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 34:
  i siner Eigeschaft als Fürst der Höll, der
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, I. Teil, p. 52:
  Was ihr an einem der Ärmsten und Gringste Liebes und Guets tüend,
  Das will ich achte, als heied ihr mir 's tue – so spricht jo der Heiland.
- Dichtungen in Thurgauer Mundart. Gesammelt von O. Sutermeister, II. Teil, p. 23:
  Mach mit den ander-n acht Moß, wa d'witt;

Declension

Zürich:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	de der (before a vowel)	die, d', d'-	's (at the beginning of a sentence or verse: S')	de, d'
Genitive		der
Dative	dem	der, de	dem	de
Accusative	de der (before a vowel)	de, d', d'-	's	d', d'-

Thurgau:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	de (before a consonant, including h) der (before a vowel, also before h)	die, de, d'-	das, 's	die, d'-
Genitive	des	der	des	der
Dative	dem	der	dem	de (before a consonant) den (before a vowel)
Accusative	de (before a consonant) der (before a vowel) den (before a vowel, less common)	die, de, d'-	das, 's	d'-

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of, from

Usage notes

The preposition de contracts to d' before a word beginning with a vowel or h-: d'Asturies (“of Asturias”), d'hermanu (“of a brother”).

Derived terms

d'
del

Bambara

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Particle

de

emphatic particle (placed directly after the word it modifies)
A ma i wele. A ye ne de wele
He didn't call you. It was me that called

References

2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Basque

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/,

Noun

de inan

The name of the Latin-script letter D.

Declension

Declension of de (inanimate, ending in vowel)

	indefinite	singular	plural
absolutive	de	dea	deak
ergative	dek	deak	deek
dative	deri	deari	deei
genitive	deren	dearen	deen
comitative	derekin	dearekin	deekin
causative	derengatik	dearengatik	deengatik
benefactive	derentzat	dearentzat	deentzat
instrumental	dez	deaz	deez
inessive	detan	dean	deetan
locative	detako	deko	deetako
allative	detara	dera	deetara
terminative	detaraino	deraino	deetaraino
directive	detarantz	derantz	deetarantz
destinative	detarako	derako	deetarako
ablative	detatik	detik	deetatik
partitive	derik	—	—
prolative	detzat	—	—

Bavarian

Alternative forms

d' (unstressed form)

Etymology

Cognate with German German die.

Article

de

stressed nominative/accusative singular feminine of der
stressed nominative/accusative/dative plural of der

Pronoun

de

she, her (accusative)
they, them

Synonyms

se

Catalan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian)

Noun

de f (plural des)

The name of the Latin-script letter D.

Etymology 2

From Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic)
IPA^(key): (Valencian)

Preposition

de (before vowel or h d')

of, from

Etymology 3

Verb

de

inflection of dar:
1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
2. third-person singular imperative

Cebuano

Etymology

From Spanish de.

Preposition

de

(dated) of, from (only in names with Spanish origins or in phrases with Spanish construct)
hopia de Cebu
Cebu's hopia or hopia of/from Cebu

Isabel biyuda de Cortes
Isabel widow of Cortes

Related terms

del, dela

Central Franconian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/

Article

de (definite, reduced)

the
1. (most dialects) feminine nominative and accusative
2. (most dialects) plural nominative and accusative
3. (many dialects) plural dative
4. (some dialects) masculine nominative
5. (some dialects) masculine accusative
6. (few dialects) feminine dative

Usage notes

(masculine): Three territories must be distinguished: 1.) Ripuarian, in which the accusative takes the form of the nominative; 2.) western Moselle Franconian, in which the nominative takes the form of the accusative; 3.) eastern Moselle Franconian, in which nominative and accusative are distinct.

1.) In Ripuarian, the reduced masculine article in nominative and accusative is de only in a few places, including Bonn; most dialects have der. The full form is always dä.

2.) In western Moselle Franconian, the form is de, but becomes den before vowels, h-, and dental consonants. The full form is dän.

3.) In eastern Moselle Franconian, the reduced masculine article in the nominative is de in many dialects, der in others. The full form is där. The accusative takes den (full form: dän).

(feminine): Virtually all dialects use de as the reduced feminine article in nominative and accusative. The full form is die. In the dative, de is used in a few dialects of Ripuarian; the general form is der. The full form may be där or dä.
(plural): Virtually all dialects use de as the reduced plural article in nominative and accusative. The full form is die. In the dative, de is used in most dialects of Ripuarian. In Moselle Franconian the form is the same as the masculine accusative (see above). The full form of the dative plural may be dä, dän, or däne.
Westernmost Ripuarian has no case distinction whatsoever. Only the nominative forms are relevant for these dialects.

Declension

definite article
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	de (some dialects, also some Ripuarian dialects; reduced) der (some Ripuarian dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full)	de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)		de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)
Genitive
Dative		de (few dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full) där (Moselle Franconian; full)		de (many dialects; reduced) dä (some Ripuarian dialects; full)
Accusative	de (some dialects; reduced) dä (Ripuarian; full)	de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)		de (most dialects; reduced) die (most dialects; full)

Ripuarian (scientific transcription by Münich with ę and ꝛ ⁠):

Ripuarian definite article
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	dę	de	ət	de
Genitive	dęs (rare)
Dative	dęm	dę(ꝛ)	dęm	dę̄
Accusative	dę	de	ət	de

Ripuarian demonstrative pronoun
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	dę̄ꝛ	dē	dat	dē
Genitive			des
Dative	dęm	dęꝛ	dęm	mf dęǹə n (fan) dęǹə
Accusative	dę̄ (dęǹə)	dē	dat	dē

Ripuarian → Kölsch (as actually used):

definite article
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	der, de, dä	die, de	dat, et, -'t	die, de
Genitive	des	der	des	der
Dative	dem	der	dem	den
Accusative	den, dä	die, de	dat, et, -'t	die, de

Quotations

1875, Fritz Hönig, „Geschräppels.“ Humoresken. Erster Band, p. 34:
Ha geiht no noh'm Kobes öm Veetel op Aach,
Verzällt imm dä ganzen Hergang der Saach.

Derived terms

em (en dem)

References

Grammatik der ripuarisch-fränkischen Mundart von Ferdinand Münch. Verlag von Friedrich Cohen, Bonn 1904, p. 138f. & 163f.

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

di (Luserna)

Article

de

(Sette Comuni) the; definite article for four declensions:
1. nominative singular feminine
2. accusative singular feminine
3. nominative plural
  De diarn zeint bille un de puuben noch mèeront.
  The girls are silly, and the boys even more so.
4. accusative plural

References

“de” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of

Related terms

dei

Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish thē, from Old Norse þeir, from Proto-Germanic *þai.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /di/,
Rhymes: -i

Article

de pl

plural definite article
de grønne huse
the green houses

Pronoun

de (as a personal pronoun, it has the forms dem in the oblique case and deres in the genitive; as a determiner, it is uninflected)

(personal pronoun) they (third-person plural)
(personal pronoun, nonstandard) they (gender-neutral third-person singular)
(determiner) those
De kager smager ikke godt.
Those cakes taste not good.
- 2000, Mon farven har en anden lyd?: strejftog i 90'ernes musikliv og ungdomskultur i Danmark, Museum Tusculanum Press →ISBN, page 90
  De huse er meget store, både som sommerhuse og som helårshuse for de gamle hvis de flytter tilbage som pensionister uden børnene.
  Those houses are very large, both as summerhouses and all-year-houses for the old people, if they move back, being retired, without their children.
- 2015, Lynne Graham, Claire Baxter, Den lunefulde kærlighed/Min bedste ven, min elskede, Förlaget Harlequin AB →ISBN
  De borde var normalt forbeholdt VIP'erne og arrangørerne.
  Those tables were usually reserved for the VIP's and the arrangers.

Dutch

Etymology

An unstressed variety of Middle Dutch die. See die for more information.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/
Audio (file)
Hyphenation: de
Rhymes: -ə

Article

de

the (definite article, masculine and feminine singular, plural)
De man ― The man (masculine singular)

De vrouw ― The woman (feminine singular)

Het boek ― The book (neuter singular)

De boeken ― The books (neuter plural)

De oude man en de zee. ― The old man and the sea.

Usage notes

Placed before masculine and feminine nouns in the singular and plural nouns of all genders, indicating a specific person or thing instead of a general case.

Inflection

**Dutch definite article**
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	de	de	het	de
Genitive	des	der	des	der
Dative	den	der	den	den
Accusative	den	de	het	de

There is also the clitic form 's for des. The oblique cases are archaic and found in contemporary Dutch only in fixed idiomatic phrases (e.g., op den duur or des ochtends).

Derived terms

Descendants

Afrikaans: die
Berbice Creole Dutch: di
Jersey Dutch: de
Skepi Creole Dutch: di, de, the

Preposition

de

(informal, in restricted contexts, mostly with "man") per
Ze namen drie biertjes de man. ― They took three beers per person.

We betaalden vijftien euro de neus. ― We paid fifteen euros per person.

Anagrams

e.d.

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin dē, French de, Spanish de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):
Audio:
(file)
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

from
Mi ne aĉetas ion ajn de ĉi tiu vendejo!
I don't buy anything at all from this store!
of, possessed by
La aŭto de Davido estas nigra.
David's car is black.
done, written or composed by
Synonyms: far, fare de

Ĉu vi havas esperantan tradukon de Drakulo de Bram Stoker?
Do you have an Esperanto translation of Dracula by Bram Stoker?

La viro estis mordita de hundo.
The man was bitten by a dog.

Fala

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese de, from Latin dē (“of; from”).

Preposition

de

of
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
  Español falan millós de persoas.
  Millions of people speak Spanish.

Usage notes

When followed by the articles u/o, a, us/os, as; it contracts to du/do, da, dus/dos, das respectively.

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Faroese

Noun

de n (genitive singular des, plural de)

The name of the Latin-script letter D.

Declension

Declension of de
n4	singular		plural
n4	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	de	deið	de	deini
accusative	de	deið	de	deini
dative	de, dei	denum	deum	deunum
genitive	des	desins	dea	deanna

French

Etymology 1

From Middle French de, from Old French de, from Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/
audio (file)
Rhymes: -ə

Preposition

de

of (expresses belonging)
Paris est la capitale de la France. ― Paris is the capital of France.
- 1837, Louis Viardot, chapter I, in L’Ingénieux Hidalgo Don Quichotte de la Manche^{fr.Wikisource}, translation of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra:
  Dans une bourgade de la Manche, dont je ne veux pas me rappeler le nom, vivait, il n’y a pas longtemps, un hidalgo ....
  In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do not want to remember, lived, not long ago, an hidalgo ....
of (used to express property or association)
Œuvres de Fermat ― Fermat’s Works

Elle est la femme de mon ami. ― She is my friend’s wife.

le voisin de Gabriel ― Gabriel's neighbor
from (used to indicate origin)
Elle vient de France. ― She comes from France.

Êtes-vous de Suisse ? ― Are you from Switzerland?

Ce fromage vient d’Espagne. ― This cheese is from Spain.

C’est de l’ouest de la France. ― It’s from the west of France.

Le train va de Paris à Bordeaux. ― The train goes from Paris to Bordeaux.
of (indicates an amount)
5 kilos de pommes. ― 5 kilograms of apples.

Un verre de vin ― A glass of wine

Une portion de frites ― A portion of fries
used attributively, often translated into English as a compound word
Un jus de pomme ― Apple juice

Un verre de vin ― A glass of wine

Une boîte de nuit ― A nightclub

Un chien de garde ― A guarddog

Une voiture de sport ― A sportscar

Un stade de football ― A football stadium
from (used to indicate the start of a time or range)
De 9:00 à 11:00 je ne serai pas libre. ― From 9 to 11 I won’t be free.

Je travaille de huit heures à midi. ― I work from 8 o'clock to noon.

un groupe de cinq à huit personnes ― a group of five to eight people
used after certain verbs before an infinitive, often translated into English as a gerund or an infinitive
J’ai arrêté de fumer. ― I stopped smoking.

Il continue de m’embêter. ― He keeps annoying me.

Elle m’a dit de venir. ― She told me to come.

Nous vous exhortons de venir. ― We urge you to come.
by (indicates the amount of change)
Boire trois tasses par jour réduirait de 20 % les risques de contracter une maladie. ― Drinking three cups a day would reduce the risks of catching an illness by 20%.

Usage notes

Before a word beginning with a vowel sound, de elides to d’. Before the article le, it contracts with the article into du. Before the article les, it contracts with the article into des.

Le Songe d’une nuit d’été’ ― A Midsummer Night’s Dream (literally, “The Dream of a night of summer”)

La queue du chien ― The dog’s tail

Index des auteurs ― Index of the authors

Article

de (indefinite)

Used in the plural with prepositioned adjectives.
Ce sont de bons enfants. ― They are good children.

Il y a d’autres exemples. ― There are other examples.
Used in negated sentences with the grammatical object.
Elle n’a pas de mère. ― She doesn’t have a mother.

Il ne mange pas de viande. ― He doesn’t eat meat.

Il n’y a pas de problèmes. ― There are no problems.

Usage notes

In negative sentences, de often replaces the indefinite (un, une and des) and partitive articles (du, de la, des). However, there are situations where the indefinite or partitive articles are retained. For example:
- when the nominal element is an attributive complement to the negated verb être
  Il n’est pas un menteur. ― He isn't a liar.
- when the complement of the negated verb is followed by a contradistinctive element (not X, but Y)
  Il ne mange pas de viande. ― He doesn't eat meat.
  
  Il ne mange pas de la viande, mais du pain. ― He doesn't eat meat, but bread.

Derived terms

(contractions): d’, du, des

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dam/

Noun

d^e f (plural d^es)

Abbreviation of dame.

References

^ Banque de dépannage linguistique

“de”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé , 2012.

Anagrams

ed, éd.

Galician

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɪ/
Audio (file)

Preposition

de

of, from
Veño de Lugo.
(please add an English translation of this usage example)
of; -'s (belonging to)
Socorro é a avoa de Clara e de Daniel.
Socorro is Clara and Daniel's grandmother

Usage notes

The preposition de contracts to d- before articles, before third-person tonic pronouns, and before the determiners algún and outro.

Derived terms

*of/from + the*
-	Singular	Plural
Masculine	do	dos
Feminine	da	das

dalgún, dalgunha, dalgunhas, dalgúns

*of/from + third-person pronoun*
-	Singular	Plural
Masculine	del	deles
Feminine	dela	delas

dun, dunha, dunhas, duns
doutra, doutras, doutro, doutros

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French deux (“two”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Numeral

de

two

Hungarian

Etymology

For the adverbial use, compare Polish ale.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -dɛ

Adverb

de (not comparable)

how!, very much
Synonyms: (dated, poetic) be, milyen, mennyire

De szép ez a ház! ― Oh, how beautiful that house is!

Conjunction

de

but
Synonyms: viszont, azonban, ám, ugyanakkor, ellenben
(oh) yes!, surely! (used as a positive contradiction to a negative statement)
Synonym: de igen

Nem voltál itt! – De ott voltam. ― You weren’t here! – Yes I was!

Derived terms

Compound words

Expressions

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

te (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

From Middle High German der, from Old High German der, ther, replacing the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tə/

Article

de (definite)

inflection of där:
1. unstressed nominative/accusative singular masculine
2. unstressed dative singular feminine
3. unstressed dative plural all genders

Declension

Hunsrik definite articles

	nominative		accusative		dative
	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.
Masculine	där	de	där	de	dem
Feminine	die		die		där	de
Neuter	das		das		dem
Plural	die		die		den	de

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from French de and Spanish de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/, /dɛ/

Preposition

de

from (indicating departure, dependency, starting point, origin or derivation)
Me kompris la frukti de la merkato.
I bought the fruits from the market.
of (with a noun: indicating measurement, quantity, amount, content)
Me esis un de kin en la konkurso.
I was one of five in the competition.

Me prizas tre multe tasego de kafeo ye la matino.
I really like a big cup of coffee in the morning.
of (with an adjective: indicating measurement, dimension)
Me havas tri boteli plena de aquo.
I have three bottles of water.
with a title of nobility
Rejio de Anglia
Queen of England

Antonyms

ad (“to”)
til (“until, till”)

Derived terms

de-
del (“from the”)

Related terms

di (“of (indicates possession or association)”)
da (“by”)

Noun

de (plural de-i)

The name of the Latin script letter D/d.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch dee.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈde/,

Noun

dé

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

Synonyms

di (Standard Malay)

Interlingua

Preposition

de

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish di (“of, from”).

Alternative forms

d’ (used before a vowel sound)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʲɛ/, /dʲə/
(Galway) IPA^(key): /ɡə/
(Ulster, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ə/, (before ⟨a/á, o/ó, u/ú⟩) /ə.ɣ-/, (before ⟨e/é, i/í⟩) /ə.j-/

Preposition

de (plus dative, triggers lenition, used only before consonant sounds)

from
of

Inflection

Inflection of de

Person	Normal	Emphatic
1st person sing.	díom	díomsa
2d person sing.	díot	díotsa
3d sing. masc.	de	desean
3d sing. fem.	di	dise
1st person pl.	dínn	dínne
2d person pl.	díbh	díbhse
3d person pl.	díobh	díobhsan

Derived terms

Irish preposition contractions

Basic form	Contracted with							Copular forms
Basic form	an (“the sg”)	na (“the pl”)	mo (“my”)	do (“your”)	a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)	ár (“our”)	ar (“which (past)”)	(before consonant)	(present/future before vowel)	(past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”)	den	de na desna*	de mo dem*	de do ded, det	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
do (“to, for”)	don	do na dosna*	do mo dom*	do do dod, dot	dá	dár		dar	darb	darbh
faoi (“under, about”)	faoin	faoi na	faoi mo	faoi do	faoina	faoinár	faoinar		faoinarb	faoinarbh
i (“in”)	sa, san	sna	i mo im*	i do id, it	ina	inár	inar		inarb	inarbh
le (“with”)	leis an	leis na	le mo lem*	le do led, let	lena	lenár	lenar		lenarb	lenarbh
ó (“from, since”)	ón	ó na ósna*	ó mo óm*	ó do ód, ót	óna	ónár	ónar		ónarb	ónarbh
trí (“through”)	tríd an	trí na	trí mo	trí do	trína	trínár	trínar		trínarb	trínarbh
*Dialectal.

Etymology 2

From Old Irish de (“of/from him”).

Alternative forms

dhe, dó, dhó

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʲɛ/
(Ulster) IPA^(key): /dʲɛh/

Pronoun

de (emphatic desean)

third-person singular masculine of de

References

^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73
^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 19

Italian

Contraction

de

Apocopic form of del
Michael Radford è il regista de "Il postino". ― Michael Radford is the director of "Il Postino".

Usage notes

De is used where del, della, etc, would ordinarily be used, but cannot be because the article is part of the title of a film, book, etc.

Anagrams

ed, ed.

Jamaican Creole

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Particle

de

present progressive tense marker used before verbs
Im de kom.
She is coming.

Torkl de swim.
The turtle is swimming.

Pikni dem de nyam di fuud.
The children are eating food.

Etymology 2

Derived from English there.

Adverb

de

there
uova de
over there

Japanese

Romanization

de

Rōmaji transcription of で
Rōmaji transcription of デ

Jersey Dutch

Etymology

From Dutch de (“the”). Cognates include Afrikaans die.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/

Article

de

the
- 1912, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche taal— en letterkunde, volumes 31-32, page 309:
  De v'lôrene zön
  The prodigal (literally "lost") son

Ladin

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of, from

Derived terms

Ladino

Preposition

de (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling די)

of
- 2019, Silvyo OVADYA, “Hanukah Alegre”, in Şalom Gazetesi‎:
  Alhad la noche vamos a asender la primera kandela de muestras Hanukiyas.
  Sunday night we're going to light the first candle of our Hanukiyas.
from

Lashi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Lolo-Burmese , from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *daj (“do, make”). Cognates include Ao da (“do”) and Lahu te (“do”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː˧/

Verb

de

(transitive) to build

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de˧/

Noun

de

wealth

References

Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎, Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Latin

Etymology 1

From Etruscan. Etruscan names of stops were the stop followed by /eː/.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /deː/,
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /de/,

Noun

dē f (indeclinable)

The name of the letter D.

Coordinate terms

(Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

References

de in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
de in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
de in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
de in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
- the vegetable kingdom: arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque (De Fin. 5. 11. 33)
- to take root: radices agere (De Off. 2. 12. 73)
- to be struck by lightning: de caelo tangi, percuti
- to turn aside from the right way; to deviate: de via declinare, deflectere (also metaphorically)
- make way for any one: (de via) decedere alicui
- weary with travelling; way-worn: fessus de via
- to leave a place: discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo
- to quit a place for ever: decedere loco, de, ex loco
- to throw oneself from the ramparts: se deicere de muro
- to throw some one down the Tarpeian rock: deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio
- while it is still night, day: de nocte, de die
- late at night: multa de nocte
- a fine, practised ear: aures elegantes, teretes, tritae (De Or. 9. 27)
- to pass a thing from hand to hand: de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid
- to wrest from a person's hand: ex or de manibus alicui or alicuius extorquere aliquid
- to slip, escape from the hands: e (de) manibus effugere, elābi
- the world of sense, the visible world: res sensibus or oculis subiectae (De Fin. 5. 12. 36)
- to free one's mind from the influences of the senses: sevocare mentem a sensibus (De Nat. D. 3. 8. 21)
- from one's entry into civil life: ab ineunte (prima) aetate (De Or. 1. 21. 97)
- to dream of a person: somniare de aliquo
- to depart this life: (de) vita decedere or merely decedere
- to depart this life: de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare
- to remove a person: e or de medio tollere
- I'm undone! it's all up with me: perii! actum est de me! (Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26)
- for valid reasons: iustis de causis
- to comfort a man in a matter; to condole with him: consolari aliquem de aliqua re
- to deserve well at some one's hands; to do a service to..: bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri de aliquo
- to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly: male mereri de aliquo
- to expostulate with a person about a thing: conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re
- to inform a person: certiorem facere aliquem (alicuius rei or de aliqua re)
- to mention a thing: mentionem facere alicuius rei or de aliqua re
- to mention a thing incidentally, casually: mentionem inicere de aliqua re or Acc. c. Inf.
- to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person: de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere
- to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
- to do work (especially agricultural): opus facere (De Senect. 7. 24)
- to exert oneself very considerably in a matter: desudare et elaborare in aliqua re (De Senect. 11. 38)
- to study the commonplace: cogitationes in res humiles abicere (De Amic. 9. 32) (Opp. alte spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum suspicere)
- vague, undeveloped ideas: intellegentiae adumbratae or incohatae (De Leg. 1. 22. 59)
- to give up one's opinion: de sententia sua decedere
- to give up one's opinion: (de) sententia desistere
- to be forced to change one's mind: de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri
- to make a man change his opinion: de sententia aliquem deducere, movere
- to judge others by oneself: de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere
- to form a plan, make a resolution: consilium capere, inire (de aliqua re, with Gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely ut)
- to deliberate together (of a number of people): consilium habere (de aliqua re)
- to deliberate, consider (of individuals): consultare or deliberare (de aliqua re)
- designedly; intentionally: de industria, dedita opera (opp. imprudens)
- from memory; by heart: ex memoria (opp. de scripto)
- to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing: ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid (De Or. 2. 11. 44)
- to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
- to be a man of great learning: doctrina abundare (De Or. 3. 16. 59)
- abstruse studies: studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur (De Or. 1. 2. 8)
- to have a thorough grasp of a subject: penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid (De Or. 1. 23. 108)
- for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
- to civilise men, a nation: homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere (De Or. 1. 8. 33)
- to obtain a result in something: aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re (De Or. 1. 33. 152)
- he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
- to take a lesson from some one's example: sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo or exemplum capere de aliquo
- to give advice, directions, about a matter: praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re
- Cicero's philosophical writings: Ciceronis de philosophia libri
- Solon, one of the seven sages: Solo, unus de septem (illis)
- to teac: tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)
- dialectical nicety: disserendi subtilitas (De Or. 1. 1. 68)
- moral science; ethics: philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus (Acad. 1. 5. 19)
- moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
- to systematise: ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid (De Or. 1. 41)
- to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under discussion: constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur
- the points on which proofs are based; the grounds of proof: loci (τόποι) argumentorum (De Or. 2. 162)
- to discuss, investigate a subject scientifically: disputare (de aliqua re, ad aliquid)
- to discuss both sides of a question: in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare (De Or. 1. 34)
- to be contested, become the subject of debate: in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire (De Or. 2. 72. 291)
- the point at issue: id, de quo agitur or id quod cadit in controversiam
- a twofold tradition prevails on this subject: duplex est memoria de aliqua re
- to write poetry with facility: carmina , versus fundere (De Or. 3. 50)
- to learn to play a stringed instrument: fidibus discere (De Sen. 8. 26)
- the melody: modi (De Or. 1. 42. 187)
- the art of painting: ars pingendi, pictura (De Or. 2. 16. 69)
- the dramatic art: ars ludicra (De Or. 2. 20. 84)
- to retire from the stage: de scaena decedere
- to be fluent: disertum esse (De Or. 1. 21. 94)
- to be a capable, finished speaker: eloquentem esse (De Or. 1. 21. 94)
- flow of oratory: flumen orationis (De Or. 2. 15. 62)
- incorrect language: oratio inquinata (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7)
- flowers of rhetoric; embellishments of style: lumina, flores dicendi (De Or. 3. 25. 96)
- to give an account of a thing (either orally or in writing): exponere aliquid or de aliqua re
- to make a character-sketch of a person: de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere
- graphic depiction: rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio (De Or. 3. 53. 202)
- to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully: multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re) (De Or. 2. 4. 17)
- to speak at great length on a subject, discuss very fully: fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re
- to interpolate, insert something: interponere aliquid (De Am. 1. 3)
- to digress, deviate: digredi (a proposito) (De Or. 2. 77. 311)
- a rather recondite speech: oratio longius repetita (De Or. 3. 24. 91)
- to read a speech: de scripto orationem habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria)
- the arrangement of the subject-matter: dispositio rerum (De Inv. 1. 7. 9)
- to set some one a theme for discussion: ponere alicui, de quo disputet
- to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion: ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
- the question at issue: res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur
- to answer every question: percontanti non deesse (De Or. 1. 21. 97)
- a far-fetched joke: arcessitum dictum (De Or. 2. 63. 256)
- to be silly, without tact: ineptum esse (De Or. 2. 4. 17)
- to be united by having a common language: eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo (De Or. 3. 59. 223)
- to translate from Plato: ab or de (not ex) Platone vertere, convertere, transferre
- a linguist, philologian: grammaticus (De Or. 1. 3. 10)
- to employ carefully chosen expressions: lectissimis verbis uti (De Or. 3. 37)
- to say not a syllable about a person: ne verbum (without unum) quidem de aliquo facere
- to speak on a subject: verba facere (de aliqua re, apud aliquem)
- to begin with a long syllable: oriri a longa (De Or. 1. 55. 236)
- to compose, compile a book: librum conficere, componere (De Sen. 1. 2)
- there exists a book on..: est liber de...
- the book treats of friendship: hic liber est de amicitia (not agit) or hoc libro agitur de am.
- to lay down a book (vid. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere...): librum de manibus ponere
- humour; disposition: animi affectio or habitus (De Inv. 2. 5)
- I am pained, vexed, sorry: doleo aliquid, aliqua re, de and ex aliqua re
- not to trouble oneself about a thing: non laborare de aliqua re
- to disconcert a person: animum alicuius de statu, de gradu demovere (more strongly depellere, deturbare)
- to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted: de statu suo or mentis deici (Att. 16. 15)
- to lose one's composure; to be disconcerted: de gradu deici, ut dicitur
- what will become of me: quid (de) me fiet? (Ter. Heaut. 4. 3. 37)
- it's all over with me; I'm a lost man: actum est de me
- to hope well of a person: bene, optime (meliora) sperare de aliquo (Nep. Milt. 1. 1)
- to fulfil expectation: exspectationem explere (De Or. 1. 47. 205)
- to be touched with pity: misericordia moveri, capi (De Or. 2. 47)
- to have enthusiasm for a person or thing: studio ardere alicuius or alicuius rei (De Or. 2. 1. 1)
- to undermine a person's loyalty: de fide deducere or a fide abducere aliquem
- to make a thing credible: fidem facere, afferre alicui rei (opp. demere, de-, abrogare fidem)
- to be answerable for a person, a thing: praestare aliquem, aliquid, de aliqua re or Acc. c. Inf.
- to suspect a person: suspicionem habere de aliquo
- to be separated by a deadly hatred: capitali odio dissidere ab aliquo (De Am. 1. 2)
- to vent one's anger, spite on some one: virus acerbitatis suae effundere in aliquem (De Amic. 23. 87)
- his vices betray themselves: vitia erumpunt (in aliquem) (De Amic. 21. 76)
- to give some one satisfaction for an injury: satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis
- apparently; to look at: specie (De Amic. 13. 47)
- to neglect one's duty: de, ab officio decedere
- to follow one's inclinations: studiis suis obsequi (De Or. 1. 1. 3)
- moral precepts: praecepta de moribus or de virtute
- to give moral advice, rules of conduct: de virtute praecipere alicui
- by divine inspiration (often = marvellously, excellently): divinitus (De Or. 1. 46. 202)
- to observe the sky (i.e. the flight of birds, lightning, thunder, etc.: de caelo servare (Att. 4. 3. 3)
- to escort a person from his house: deducere aliquem de domo
- to be a strict disciplinarian in one's household: severum imperium in suis exercere, tenere (De Sen. 11. 37)
- to dispossess a person: demovere, deicere aliquem de possessione
- to live on one's means: de suo (opp. alieno) vivere
- a sociable, affable disposition: facilitas, faciles mores (De Am. 3. 11)
- to turn the conversation on to a certain subject: sermonem inferre de aliqua re
- the conversation turned on..: sermo incidit de aliqua re
- to converse, talk with a person on a subject: sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re (De Am. 1. 3)
- to exchange greetings: inter se consalutare (De Or. 2. 3. 13)
- to congratulate a person on something: gratulari alicui aliquid or de aliqua re
- to separate, be divorced (used of man or woman): nuntium remittere alicui (De Or. 1. 40)
- disinherited: exheres paternorum bonorum (De Or. 1. 38. 175)
- to introduce a thing into our customs; to familiarise us with a thing: in nostros mores inducere aliquid (De Or. 2. 28)
- to transact, settle a matter with some one: transigere aliquid (de aliqua re) cum aliquo or inter se
- to subtract something from the capital: de capite deducere (vid. sect. XII. 1, note Notice too...) aliquid
- to demand an account, an audit of a matter: rationem ab aliquo reptere de aliqua re (Cluent. 37. 104)
- credit has disappeared: fides (de foro) sublata est (Leg. Agr. 2. 3. 8)
- to have pecuniary difficulties: laborare de pecunia
- as you sow, so will you reap: ut sementem feceris, ita metes (proverb.) (De Or. 2. 65)
- to plant trees: arbores serere (De Sen. 7. 24)
- to have the good of the state at heart: bene, optime sentire de re publica
- to have the good of the state at heart: omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentire
- the head of the state: rector civitatis (De Or. 1. 48. 211)
- statesmanship; political wisdom: prudentia (civilis) (De Or. 1. 19. 85)
- to foresee political events long before: longe prospicere futuros casus rei publicae (De Amic. 12. 40)
- one of the people: homo plebeius, de plebe
- one of the crowd; a mere individual: unus de or e multis
- to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6): aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere
- to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6): aliquem gradu movere, depellere or de gradu (statu) deicere
- deposed from one's high position: de principatu deiectus (B. G. 7. 63)
- to contend with some one for the pre-eminence: contendere cum aliquo de principatu (Nep. Arist. 1)
- to record in the official tablets (Annales maximi): in album referre (De Or. 2. 12. 52)
- to have the same political opinions: idem de re publica sentire
- to form a conspiracy: coniurare (inter se) de c. Gerund. or ut...
- to banish a person, send him into exile: de, e civitate aliquem eicere
- to expel a person from the city, country: exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem (Mil. 37. 101)
- a returning from exile to one's former privileges: postliminium (De Or. 1. 40. 181)
- to shake hands with voters in canvassing: manus prensare (De Or. 1. 24. 112)
- to give up, lay down office (usually at the end of one's term of office): de potestate decedere
- men of rank and dignity: viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7. 22)
- a man who has held many offices: honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus (De Or. 1. 45)
- to offically proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul: aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2. 64. 260)
- to consult the senators on a matter: patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re (Sall. Iug. 28)
- the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for..: senatus sententia inclīnat ad... (De Sen. 6. 16)
- what is your opinion: quid de ea re fieri placet?
- to waive one's right: de iure suo decedere or cedere
- to hold an inquiry into a matter: quaerere aliquid or de aliqua re
- to examine a person, a matter: quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem
- to have a person tortured: quaerere tormentis de aliquo
- to examine slaves by torture: de servis quaerere (in dominum)
- counsel; advocate: patronus (causae) (De Or. 2. 69)
- to strike a person's name off the list of the accused: eximere de reis aliquem
- to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted): postulare aliquem repetundarum or de repetundis
- to accuse some one of illegal canvassing: accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu
- to accuse a person of violence, poisoning: accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis
- to decide on the conduct of the case: iudicare causam (de aliqua re)
- to exact a penalty from some one: supplicium sumere de aliquo
- to atone for something by..: luere aliquid aliqua re (De Sen. 20)
- to execute the death-sentence on a person: supplicium sumere de aliquo
- to congratulate a person on his victory: victoriam or de victoria gratulari alicui
- to triumph over some one: triumphare de aliquo (ex bellis)
- to triumph over some one: triumphum agere de or ex aliquo or c. Gen. (victoriae, pugnae)
- to treat with some one about peace: agere cum aliquo de pace
- to stop rowing; to easy: sustinere, inhibere remos (De Or. 1. 33)
- to land, disembark: exire ex, de navi
- not to mention..: ut non (nihil) dicam de...
- this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc dici potest de aliqua re
- I have a few words to say on this: mihi quaedam dicenda sunt de hac re
- more of this another time: sed de hoc alias pluribus
- so much for this subject...; enough has been said on..: atque haec quidem de...
- so much for this subject...; enough has been said on..: ac (sed) de ... satis dixi, dictum est
- I am sorry to hear..: male (opp. bene) narras (de)
- but enough: sed manum de tabula!
de in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32: "Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū—each, again, with a long vowel sound."

^ (2012) The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard: Version 6.1 – Core Specification. →ISBN, page 468; citing: (1985) Geoffrey Sampson, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. →ISBN.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.

All 3 ablative senses are from the PIE ablative of cause, origin, and separation.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /deː/,
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /de/,

Preposition

dē (+ ablative)

of, concerning, about
actum est de aliquo ― It is over for someone, the fate of someone is sealed
- (Can we date this quote?), Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ‎, page 1:
  De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.
  Of the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.
De rebus mathematicis. ― Concerning mathematical things.
from, away from, down from, out of; in general to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds.
Emere de aliquo. ― To buy from someone.

Aliquid mercari de aliquo. ― To buy something from someone.

De aliquo quaerere, quid, etc., C ― To search for someone.

Saepe hoc audivi de patre. ― I have often heard this from father.

De mausoleo exaudita vox est. ― A voice was heard from the mausoleum.

Ut sibi liceret discere id de me. ― Just as he himself permitted for me to learn.

Hamum de cubiculo ut e navicula jacere. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Brassica de capite et de oculis omnia (mala) deducet. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

De digito anulum detraho. ― From the finger I pull the ring.

De matris complexu aliquem avellere atque abstrahere. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example) (literally, “I rip someone away from the embrace of their mother and drag them away.”)

Nomen suum de tabula sustulit. ― He removed his name from the tablet.

Ferrum de manibus extorsimus. ― We tore the sword from their hands.

Juris utilitas vel a peritis vel de libris depromi potest. ― The utility of a law is able to be produced either from an expert or from books.

De caelo aliquid demittere. ― To bring down something from the sky.
1. with petere, of a place
  De vicino terra petita solo. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
2. (Late Latin) of persons
  Peto de te. ― I beg of thee.
from, away from, to indicate the place from which someone or something departs or withdraws.
Animam de corpore mitto. ― I release the spirit from the body.

Aliquo quom jam sucus de corpore cessit. ― Somehow the spirit has already passed somewhere from the body.

Civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. ― He persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions.

Decedere de provincia. ― To retire from office.

De vita decedere. ― To withdraw from life

Exire de vita. ― to exit out of life. (compare excedere e vita)

De triclinio, de cubiculo exire. ― To go out from the triclinium, from the cubiculum.

De castris procedere. ― To proceed out of the military camps.

...decido de lecto praeceps. ― I fall down from the bed headlong.

De muro se deicere. ― To throw oneself down from the wall.

De sella exsilire. ― To jump from the stool.

Nec ex equo vel de muro etc., hostem destinare. ― To aim at the enemy from neither the horse nor the wall.

De altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere juberet. ― He ordered the Sequani to withdraw from another third part.
(particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory
De Germanis
Over the Germans

De Britannis
Over the Britons

Usage notes

Dē denotes the going out, departure, removal, or separating of an object from any fixed point (it occupies a middle place between ab (“away from”) which denotes a mere external departure, and ex (“out of”) which signifies from the interior of a thing). Hence verbs compounded with dē are constructed not only with dē, but quite as frequently with ab and ex; and, on the other hand, those compounded with ab and ex often have the terminus a quo indicated by dē.

Derived terms

Descendants

Aragonese: de
Asturian: de
Aromanian: di
Old Catalan: de
- Catalan: de
Corsican: di
Dalmatian: de
→ Esperanto: de
Franco-Provençal: de
Old French: de
- Middle French: de
  - French: de
Friulian: di
Mozarabic: ד (d)
Old Galician-Portuguese: de
- Galician: de
- Portuguese: de
→ Ido: de
→ Interlingua: de
Italian: di
Ladin: de
Ladino: de
Mozarabic: ד (d)
Neapolitan: 'e
Old Occitan: de
- Occitan: de
Romanian: de
Romansch: da
Sicilian: di
Old Spanish: de
- Spanish: de

Ligurian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Etymology 1

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of
from

de + article	Combined form
de + o	do
de + a	da
de + i	di
de + e	de

Etymology 2

de (“of, from”, preposition) + e (“the (fem. plur.)”, article)

Contraction

de

of the, from the (followed by a plural feminine noun)

Louisiana Creole

**Louisiana Creole cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : de Ordinal : sègon Multiplier : doub Collective : toulédé

Etymology

Inherited from French deux (“two”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dø/
Rhymes: -ø

Numeral

de

Alternative form of dé (“two”)

Low German

Alternative forms

dee (for the pronoun)
dei
de, dé (´ denoting a raising of the voice), dè (` denoting a swallow up or shorting) (all three used together; Grafschaft Bentheim)

Etymology

From Middle Low German dê, from Old Saxon thē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/, /deɪ/, /dɛɪ̯/

Article

de m or f (neuter dat, plural de)

the
De Mann gat hen. ― The man walks there.

De Fru geiht hen. ― The woman walks there.

dat Sakramänt der Eihe (Paderbornisch) ― the sacrament of marriage

Usage notes

Dative and accusative are sometimes called 'object case'. However, most (if not all) dialects have not actually merged these two.
There is the only plural article and like English 'the' is used for nouns of every gender and class. Indefinite nouns in plural are used without article, again as in English.

Declension

	Sg. m.	Sg. f.	Sg. n.	Pl.
Nom.	de	de	dat	de
Gen.	des	der		der
Dat.	dem den	der de		den
Acc.	den	de	dat	de

Pronoun

de m or f (neuter dat)

(relative) which, that
de Mann, de dår güng ― the man, which walked there

de Mann, den wi hüert häbben ― the man, which we hired

de Fru, de wi hüert hębben ― the woman, which we have hired

dat Schipp, dat wi sailt hębben ― the ship that we have sailed

Usage notes

The use as a relative pronoun might not be present in all dialects.

Declension

	Sg. m.	Sg. f.	Sg. n.	Pl.
Nom.	de	de	dat	de
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.	den	de	dat	de

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Pronoun

de

unstressed form of du

Declension

Luxembourgish personal pronouns

		nominative		accusative		dative		reflexive
		str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.	reflexive
1st person singular		ech	—	mech	—	mir	mer	like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular (informal)		du	de	dech	—	dir	der	like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular (formal)		Dir	Der	Iech	Iech	Iech	Iech	Iech
3rd person singular	m	hien	en	hien	en	him	em	sech
	f	si	se	si	se	hir	er	sech
	n	hatt	et ('t)	hatt	et ('t)	him	em	sech
1st person plural		mir	mer	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)
2nd person plural		dir	der	iech	iech	iech	iech	iech
3rd person plural		si	se	si	se	hinnen	en	sech

Mandarin

Romanization

de (de⁵／de⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄉㄜ)

Hanyu Pinyin reading of 地
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 底
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 得
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 的
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 脦
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠵨
Hanyu Pinyin reading of の

Romanization

de

Nonstandard spelling of dē.
Nonstandard spelling of dé.
Nonstandard spelling of dè.
Nonstandard spelling of dê̄.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Mauritian Creole

**Mauritian Creole cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : de Ordinal : deziem Adverbial : ledoub

Etymology

From French deux.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Numeral

de

two

Derived terms

de trwa

Middle Dutch

Article

de

inflection of die:

Middle English

Etymology 1

Pronoun

de

Alternative form of þe (“thee”)

Etymology 2

Noun

de

Alternative form of dee

Middle French

Preposition

de

of
from

Mirandese

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of, from
Pertual ye un paíç localizado ne l sudoeste de la Ouropa. ― Portugal is a country located in the south-west of Europe.

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German diu, from Old High German diu, from Proto-Germanic *þō, an alteration of *sō. Cognate with German die, obsolete English tho.

Article

de (singular masculine der, singular neuter s)

the, nominative singular feminine definite article
the, nominative plural definite article

References

“de” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Northern Kurdish

Postposition

de

an element of several circumpositions

Related terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.

Adjective

-de

tall

Inflection

Adjective concord, tone L
	Modifier	Copulative
1st singular	engimude	ngimude
2nd singular	omude	umude
1st plural	esibade	sibade
2nd plural	elibade	libade
Class 1	omude	mude
Class 2	abade	bade
Class 3	omude	mude
Class 4	emide	mide
Class 5	elide	lide
Class 6	amade	made
Class 7	eside	side
Class 8	ezinde	zinde
Class 9	ende	inde
Class 10	ezinde	zinde
Class 11	olude	lude
Class 14	obude	bude
Class 15	okude	kude
Class 17	okude	kude

Northern Sami

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈte/

Conjunction

de

then, after that
then, in that case

Adverb

de

yes

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

Audio (file)
IPA^(key): /diː/

Article

de

definite article, equivalent to "the", used before adjectives used with plural nouns; also used before adjectives converted to nouns. Usually capitalised as "De" when used in proper nouns.

Related terms

den
det

Pronoun

de (accusative dem, genitive deres)

they
those

References

“de” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þér, ér and þit, it. From a variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Alternative forms

dokker
di, did (dialectal and/or nonstandard)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/, /diː/

Pronoun

de (objective case dykk, possessive dykkar)

you (second-person plural)

Synonyms

dokker

Etymology 2

From French de, Latin dē.

Preposition

de

used in set expressions (such as de jure); translates to "from" and "of"

Etymology 3

Pronoun

de

(Midlandsnormalen or eye dialect) alternative spelling of det n (“that, it”)

Article

de n

(Midlandsnormalen or eye dialect) alternative spelling of det n (“that, it”)

Etymology 4

Pronoun

de

(dialectal or eye dialect, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) pronunciation spelling of deg

References

“de” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
“de” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring
Ivar Aasen (1850) chapter DID, in Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog‎ (in Danish), Oslo: Samlaget, published 2000

Nupe

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dē/

Verb

de

to have
Mi de etun à ― I don't have a job

Occitan

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of
from

Alternative forms

d' (before a vowel)

Etymology 2

Noun

de f (plural des)

dee (the letter d, D)

Old French

Etymology

Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of
from

Usage notes

before a vowel, either remains as a separate word or becomes d'

Derived terms

del (de + le)
des (de + les)

Descendants

Middle French: de
- French: de

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

d- (elided form when followed by a word which begins with a vowel)
D- (elided form when followed by a capitalised word which begins with a vowel)

Etymology

From Latin dē (“of; from”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Preposition

de

of
- 13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, To codex, cantiga 5 (facsimile):
  
  Eſta ·xviiii· é como ſṫa maria aiudou · á emperadriz de roma · a ſofrer as grãdes coitaſ per que paſſou.
  This 19th is how Holy Mary helped the empress of Rome suffer the great pains she underwent.

Descendants

Fala: de
Galician: de
Portuguese: de

Old Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Preposition

de

Alternative form of di (“of, from”)
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26^b7
  De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
  Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Pronoun

de

third-person singular masculine/neuter of di (“of, from”)
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26^b7
  De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
  Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.
Used after the comparative degree of an adjective in the meaning of English “the” before a comparative
lía de ― the more (literally, “more of it”)
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 23^d23
  Cía thés hí loc bes ardu, ní ardu de; ní samlid són dúnni, air ⟨im⟩mi ardu-ni de tri dul isna lucu arda.
  Though he may go into a higher place, he is not the higher; this is not the case for us, for we are the higher through going into the high places.
  (literally, “Though he may go into a place that is higher, he is not higher of it; this is not thus for us, for we are higher of it through going into the high places.”)

Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of
from

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German den.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/

Article

de pl (definite)

dative plural of der (“the”)

Declension

Pennsylvania German definite articles
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	der	die	es	die
Dative	dem or em	der	dem or em	de
Accusative	der or den	die	es	die

Pronoun

de

you

Declension

Pennsylvania German personal pronouns

	1st person	2nd person familiar	2nd person polite/formal	3rd person			1st person	2nd person	3rd person
	singular						plural
	1st person	2nd person familiar	2nd person polite/formal	m	f	n	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
nominative	ich	du de¹	dihr der¹ Sie	er	sie se¹	es	mir mer¹	dihr der¹	sie
dative	mir mer¹	dir der¹	eich Ihne Ne¹	ihm em¹	ihre re¹	ihm em¹	uns	eich	ihne ne¹
accusative	mich	dich	eich Sie	ihn en¹	sie se¹	es	uns	eich	sie

¹unstressed

Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Verb

de (auxiliary, Perso-Arabic spelling دےۡ)

Past tense marker

References

Liljegren, Henrik, Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Etymology

From the first letter of dupa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɛ/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ
Syllabification: de

Noun

de n (indeclinable)

(minced oath) ass, arse, butt

Portuguese

Alternative forms

d' (archaic, except for fixed terms)

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese de (“of”), from Latin dē (“of”).

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒi/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /de/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /dɨ/

(Nordestino) IPA^(key): /di/
(Caipira) IPA^(key): /di/
Hyphenation: de

Preposition

de

of (in relation to)
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 138:
  O protesto de Hermione foi abafado por uma risadinha alta.
  Hermione's objection was interrupted by a loud little laugh.
os amigos dele
his friends
(literally, “the friends of him”)
2. of (forms compounds; often untranslated)
  fones de ouvido
  headphones
  (literally, “phones of ear”)
  
  acampamento de verão
  summer camp
4. of; about (on the subject of)
  Do que estavam falando?
  What were they talking about?
6. of; -'s (belonging to)
  a casa de alguém
  someone's house
8. -'s (made by)
  Você provou o bolo da minha mãe?
  Have you tried my mother’s cake?
10. of (being a part of)
  capa do livro
  cover of the book
12. of (introduces the month a given day is part of)
  Primeiro de janeiro.
  First of January.
14. of (introduces the object of an agent noun)
  Hitler foi um exterminador de judeus.
  Hitler was an exterminator of Jews.
16. of (introduces the name of a place following its hypernym)
  A vila de Iorque.
  The village of York.
of; -en (made or consisting of)
De que é feito?
What is this made of?
(literally, “Of what is made this?”)
2. -long (having the duration of)
  um filme de duas horas
  a two hour-long movie
4. of (indicates the composition of a given collective or quantitative noun)
  Milhares de pessoas vieram.
  Thousands of people came.
6. of (characterised by; having the given quality)
  O templo não é mais um local de paz.
  The temple is no longer a place of peace.
of (introduces the noun that applies a given adjective or past participle)
Um balde cheio de água.
A bucket full of water.
from (born in or coming out of)
De onde você é?
Where are you from?
by means of; by
Eu sempre vou trabalhar de ônibus.
I always go to work by bus.
as (in the role of)
Na festa, ele estava de bruxo.
At the party, he was dressed as a wizard.
in (wearing)
Homens de Preto
Men in Black

Usage notes

When followed by an article, a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, or an adverb denoting location, de is combined with the next word to give the following combined forms:

Contractions of de

De + article	Combined form
de + o	do
de + a	da
de + os	dos
de + as	das
de + um	dum
de + uma	duma
de + uns	duns
de + umas	dumas

De + pronoun	Combined form
de + ela	dela
de + elas	delas
de + ele	dele
de + eles	deles

De + dem. pronoun	Combined form
de + aquela	daquela
de + aquelas	daquelas
de + aquele	daquele
de + aqueles	daqueles
de + aquilo	daquilo
de + esse	desse
de + essa	dessa
de + esses	desses
de + essas	dessas
de + este	deste
de + esta	desta
de + estes	destes
de + estas	destas
de + isso	disso
de + isto	disto
de + outra	doutra
de + outras	doutras
de + outro	doutro
de + outros	doutros

De + adverb	Combined form
de + acolá	dacolá
de + algures	dalgures
de + ali	dali
de + além	dalém
de + antes	dantes
de + aqui	daqui
de + aquém	daquém
de + aí	daí
de + entre	dentre
de + estoutra	destoutra
de + estoutro	destoutro
de + onde	donde

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:de.

Romanian

Alternative forms

де (de) — post-1930s Cyrillic spelling
dă, di — dialectal

Etymology

From Latin dē.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -e

Conjunction

de

(informal or literary) Synonym of dacă (“if”)
(with the optative mood) if only
(informal) to the effect that
Synonyms: încât, (informal) că

Am așteptat de m-am plictisit.
I waited that I got bored.

Cum a jucat echipa de a pierdut așa de rău?
How did the team play to lose so badly?

E o căldură de nu ar ieși nimeni din casă.
There’s heat that no one would go outside.

Mașina a demarat de i-au scârțâit cauciucurile.
The car sped off that its tyres screeched.

Am bani de nu știu ce să fac cu ei.
I have money that I don’t know what to do with it.
(archaic) while (whereas, despite the fact that)
Synonyms: chiar dacă, deși, cu toate că

Usage notes

In the meaning of “if”, de is not typically directly followed by any word other than a verb, a pronoun (accusative or reflexive, but not nominative) or the word nu (“no”). The more common and style-neutral dacă is under no such restrictions.

As an informal synonym of încât, de can only be used in simple constructions and without any coordinative adverbs (atât, așa). Thus, it can be used in the sentence Vântul bate de ridică praful (“The wind blows it raises dust”), but not if the first half were Vântul bate atât de tare. Conversely, încât and că would not be used in such simple sentences.

Preposition

de (+accusative)

of
Beau o ceașcă de ceai.
I’m drinking a cup of tea.

Este profesor de matematică
He’s a teacher of mathematics.
(only before spatial adverbs and prepositions) Indicates source of motion or origin: from
Stația nu este departe de aici.
The station is not far from here.

Apa picură de sus.
The water drips from above.

Prefer mâncarea de acolo.
I prefer the food from there.

De unde vine sunetul?
Where does the sound come from?

Gloanțele acestea nu sunt bune decât de aproape.
These bullets are only good from a short distance.

Seara la ora de vârf toată lumea se întoarce de la serviciu.
In the evening during rush hour everybody is returning from work.

Ia plasa de lângă radiator! O să se topească!
Take the bag away from near the heater! It will melt!

O foaie de hârtie poate fi trasă repede de sub un pahar.
A sheet of paper can be quickly pulled from under a glass.
(with adverbs of time, precisely referenced time-related nouns, or prepositions or conjunctions of time) of, from, ’s
Ziua de mâine va fi mai bună decât ziua de azi.
Tomorrow will be better than today.
(literally, “the day of tomorrow”, “the day of today”)

Întâlnirile de mâine, de marți și de săptămâna viitoare se amână.
Tomorrow’s, Tuesday’s and next week’s meetings are being postponed.

Arhiva este plină cu documente de demult.
The archive is full of documents from long ago.

Știrile acestea nu sunt de acum, ci de anul trecut.
These news are not from right now, but from last year.

Mă uit la poze de dinainte să mă fi născut.
I’m looking at photos from before I was born.

Retrăiesc amintiri de când eram copil.
I’m reliving memories from when I was a child.

Anii de după Revoluție au fost grei.
The years from after the Revolution were difficult.
for (intended for a certain destination)
În magazin hainele de bărbați sunt în stânga, iar cele de femei în dreapta.
In the shop, men’s clothes are on the left, while women’s are on the right.

Acestea sunt de începători.
These are for beginners.

Ai cizme de lucru?
Do you have work boots?

Unele lemnuri sunt bune de tâmplărie, altele sunt bune de foc.
Some woods are good for woodworking, others are good for firewood.
Introduces a measure or a measurable or describable trait: of
Suma este de zece lei.
The sum is 10 lei.
(literally, “The sum is of ten lei.”)

A fost instalat un stâlp de șase metri înălțime.
A pole six metres in height was installed.
(literally, “of six metres in height”)

― De ce culoare este casa? ― De culoare galbenă.
“What colour is the house?” “Yellow in colour”.
Introduces the doer of a passive verb or participle: by.
Constantinopolul a fost cucerit de otomani.
Constantinople was conquered by the Ottomans.
Introduces the author of a work: by.
Connects a cardinal numeral who is a multiple of 100 or whose tens are greater than 1 to the determinated noun.
În cont sunt două sute șaisprezece lei și patruzeci și patru de bani.
In the account there are 216 lei and 44 bani.
Connects most adverbs other than certain basic ones to the determinated adjectives or adverbs.
Sunt nemaipomenit de atent să ajung suficient de devreme.
I’m exceedingly careful to arrive sufficiently early.

Motocicleta merge destul de repede.
The motorbike is going pretty fast.

E atât de frumos afară.
It’s so beautiful outside.
Follows certain adverbs of position (as well as the temporal adverb înainte) to form prepositional phrases.
Este bine să locuiești aproape de centrul orașului.
It is good to live near the city centre.

Dincolo de munți se află Transilvania.
Beyond the mountains lies Transylvania.

Aceste clădiri au fost construite înainte de Primul Război Mondial.
These buildings were built before the First World War.
Marks the point of action of a force of grip: by.
Nu lua iepurele de urechi.
Do not grab the rabbit by the ears.

Plăcile se prind numai de margini.
Vinyls are held by the edges only.

L-a mușcat câinele de mână.
The dog bit him by the hand.
(informal outside certain constructions; regarding physical or mental states or traits of living beings) for, because of, out of
Synonyms: de la (colloquial), din cauza

La ora șase încă eram buimac de somn.
At six I was still groggy for lack of sleep.

Unii prizonieri au murit de foame, iar ceilalți de diverse boli.
Some of the prisoners died of hunger, and the rest of various diseases.

O să îți pierzi capul de amețit ce ești.
You’ll lose your own head for being so absent-minded.
(literally, “for absent-minded that you are”)

În casa asta nu se poate locui de multe ce lipsesc.
One cannot live in this house for how many things are missing.
(literally, “for many that are missing”)

Muncitorii deja sunt obosiți de atâta drum.
The workers are already tired for having come such a long way.
(literally, “because of so much road”)
(informal, chiefly in the negative) Indicates the cause of a hindrance, physical or otherwise: because of
Unii oameni stau în ușă fără să își dea seama că alții nu pot trece de ei.
Some people stand in the doorway without realising that others cannot pass because of them.

Nu se vede de ceață.
There is no visibility because of fog.

Mă auzi de zgomot?
Can you hear me with all this noise?

Pe aici nu se poate trece de minele de teren.
One cannot pass through here due to landmines.
Forms an adverbial numeral with ori or dăți.
De câte ori a bătut ceasul? De șase ori.
How many times did the pendulum clock strike? Six times.
Precedes numbers and letters when they are themselves counted.
Dacă ai un opt, o să îți trebuiască trei de zece ca să îți iasă media zece.
If you have one grade of 8 (equivalent of a B), you’ll need three 10s (equivalent of an A) to still get an average grade of 10.

„Nu fi” nu se scrie cu doi de i, ci cu unul.
Nu fi (“don’t be”) isn’t written with two i’s, but with one.
(after indications of position or before numerals, time coordinates, or the word atât) than
Synonym: decât (mutually exclusive in use)

Puține orașe se află mai jos de nivelul mării.
Few cities are situated lower than sea level.

Război și pace are mai mult de o mie de pagini.
War and Peace has more than a thousand pages.

A trecut mai puțin de jumătate din vacanță.
Less than half of summer break has passed.

Nu se poate mai devreme de luna viitoare.
It isn’t possible any earlier than next month.

Poți chiar mai bine de atât.
You can do even better than that.
Marks the starting point of a state or recurring event: since, starting, as of.
de acum încolo ― from now on

Curentul e tăiat de ieri.
The power is cut since yesterday.

Noii angajați încep de săptămâna viitoare serviciul.
The new employees are beginning work starting next week.
Marks the duration of a state or recurring event persisting to the present: for, in
Compania noastră este prezentă în România de șase ani.
Our company has been present in Romania for six years.

Nu te-am mai văzut de multă vreme.
I haven’t seen you in a long time.
(only of festive dates) on
Synonym: pe (of regular dates)

De Anul Nou sau de 1 Mai se petrece.
On New Year or May Day one celebrates.

Mi-am luat concediu de ziua mea de naștere.
On my birthday I took a day off.
(informal) Synonym of despre (“about, of”)
Ce știe lumea de economie?
What do people know about economy?

Tocmai vorbeam de tine.
We were just talking about you.
(informal) Connects an often negative qualifier to a noun or pronoun: of a.
Aici stă un nesuferit de moș. ― Here lives a jerk of an old man.

Prostul de mine, am uitat. ― Foolish me, I forgot.
Stands between two repetitions of a unit of time to mark it as an interval of regular repetition: by.
zi de zi ― day by day, daily

an de an ― year by year, annualy

Minut de minut se aude semnalul.
The signal is heard every minute.
(literally, “minute by minute”)
(colloquial) Stands between two reduplications of a noun, with the resulting construction signifying that said noun is distinguished in its class in an impressive way.
Am văzut azi la magazin pantofi de pantofi. Bine, aveau și niște prețuri de prețuri.
I saw some world-class shoes at the store today. Okay, they also had some crazy high prices.

Mi-a venit o idee de idee.
I’ve just had an excellent idea.

Toți se cred șmecheri de șmecheri.
They all think they’re some real cool guys.
Indicates a specific train by its origin station.
Trenul de Timișoara face cincisprezece ore până la Iași.
The Timișoara train takes fifteen hours to Iași.
Indicates the recipients of an equal distribution: per.
Rația e de 2 litri de apă de persoană.
The ration is 2 litres of water per person.

Usage notes

In the sense of “from”, de must contract into în (“in”) to form din, into între (“between”) to form dintre, and analogously into all adverbs derived from în. The combination de la is lexicalised.

When in a passive construction, de can be followed by către for clarification and to no change in meaning. This is typical of, but not restricted to, formal language.

The de that connects numerals to nouns may be omitted, but only in very formal, financial or legal language.

Of the constructions using de to mean “because of”, those that are not restricted to colloquial language are those referring to common bodily states: de foame (“because of hunger”), de sete (“because of thirst”), de frig (“because of cold”), de cald (“because of heat”), de frică (“for fear”), de somn (“for lack of sleep”), as well as with the name of any disease. Informally, an optional correlative sentence can be added using the connector ce.

This meaning of de is very similar to one of the senses of de la. Most of the time, however, they are not interchangeable:

De can precede either a noun or an adjective, whereas de la only precedes nouns.
When preceding nouns, a cause introduced by de generally represents a feeling that is experienced, while the cause introduced by de la generally represents an event or an activity that worked to lead to a result in a manner understood by itself. Compare de oboseală (“out of exhaustion”) with de la alergat (“from all the running around”, which is understood to have led to exhaustion).
The previous point can be disregarded if the determiner atâta (“so much”) is prepended to the noun, in which case de is valid either way: de atâta alergat (“from so much running around”).
De is more likely to have negative connotations than de la.

In the sense of “about”, it can only be used after a verb, and not copulatively (“is about”) or after a noun (“a discussion about”). Despre, however, can be used in any of these situations.

Derived terms

Pronoun

de m or f or n (indeclinable)

(informal or regional) Relative pronoun: who, whom, to whom.
Synonym: care

Usage notes

De can replace any form of care in the nominative, accusative and dative case.

Nominative: omul care a sosit — omul de a sosit (“The man who arrived”)
Accusative: casa pe care o văd — casa de o văd (“the house which I see”)
Dative: unul căruia i-am plătit — unul de i-am plătit (“one to whom I paid”)

Genitive constructions cannot be expressed with de.

Replacement of accusative care preceded by a preposition is done with a resumption of the object: filmul la care ne-am uitat — filmul de ne-am uitat la el (“the film we watched”). Stylistically this is much less desirable.

References

de in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

Romansch

Alternative forms

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Puter, Vallader) di
(Sursilvan, Sutsilvan) gi

Etymology

From Latin diēs.

Noun

de m (plural des)

(Surmiran) day

Sardinian

Alternative forms

'e (aphetic)
d' (apocopic)
di (Campidanese)

Etymology

From Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Preposition

de (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese)

Used to indicate possession, after the thing owned and before the owner; of; ’s
from
by, of, ’s
than
Used in superlative forms; in, of
about, on, concerning
Expresses composition; of, made of, in or more often omitted
(followed by an infinitive) to or omitted
Used in some expressions in a partitive-like function, often without article.

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “de”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /də/
Hyphenation: de

Article

de

Unstressed form of die
Unstressed form of ju
Unstressed form of do

References

Pyt Kramer (1996) Kute Seelter Sproakleere‎, Mildam, page 10

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

dhe

Etymology

From Old Irish di. Cognates include Irish de and Manx jeh.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tʲe/

Preposition

de (+ dative, triggers lenition of consonants and Dh-prothesis of vowels, combined with the singular definite article dhen)

of
off

Usage notes

Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form de dh' may be used:
tha gràine de dh'airgead agam ― I have a little bit of money
In colloquial language and certain set phrases, the reduced form a may be used:
chan eil càil a dh'fhios aige ― he has no idea

Inflection

Personal inflection of de
Number	Person	Simple	Emphatic
Singular	1st	dhìom	dhìomsa
	2nd	dhìot	dhìotsa
	3rd m	dheth	dhethsan
	3rd f	dhith	dhithse
Plural	1st	dhinn	dhinne
	2nd	dhibh	dhibhse
	3rd	dhiubh	dhiubhsan

Derived terms

bhàrr (“down from, from off”)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *kъdě, *kъde, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰe.

Adverb

de (Cyrillic spelling де)

(Kajkavian, regional) where

Pronoun

de (Cyrillic spelling де)

(Kajkavian, regional) where

Synonyms

gdje

Seychellois Creole

Etymology

From French deux.

Numeral

de

two

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.

Adjective

-de

tall

Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (after a pause, 'l', 'm', 'n' and 'ñ') /de/
- Syllabification: de
IPA^(key): (elsewhere) /de/
Rhymes: -e
Homophone: dé

Etymology 1

Noun

de f (plural des)

The name of the Latin-script letter D.

Etymology 2

From Latin dē.

Preposition

de

of; 's; used after the thing owned and before the owner
Constitución española de 1812
Spanish constitution of 1812

la cola del perro
the dog’s tail
from (with the source or provenance of or at)
Soy de España.
I’m from Spain.

agua de manantial ― springwater
of (expressing composition, substance)
una mesa de madera ― a wooden table
about (concerning; with regard to)
Synonyms: sobre, acerca de

Están hablando del pasado.
They're talking about the past.

tratarse de ― to be about; to concern
of, from (indicating cause)
Murió de hambre.
He died of hunger.
of (indicates a quality or characteristic)
un hombre de fe
a man of faith
from (with the origin, starting point or initial reference of or at)
Synonym: desde

el vuelo de Miami a Chicago
the flight from Miami to Chicago
of (indicates the subject or cause of the adjective)
harto de ― sick of; tired of
from (with the separation, exclusion or differentiation of)
Nos protege del frío.
It protects us from the cold.
than (in certain phrases)
más de ― more than

menos de ― less than, fewer than
used to construct compound nouns (with attributive nouns)
campamento de verano
summer camp
(followed by the infinitive) indicates a conditional desire
De haberlo sabido, no lo habría dicho.
If I had known, I wouldn't have said it.
indicates a time of day or period of someone's life
de día ― during the daytime

de niño ― as a child; during childhood
(after a noun and before a verb) indicates the purpose of an object
Synonym: para

goma de mascar ― chewing gum

caña de pescar ― fishing rod

Usage notes

de combines with el to form del.

Derived terms

Related terms

desde

Sranan Tongo

Etymology

From English there.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/

Verb

de

(copula) to be.

Particle

de

(dated) Alternative form of e.

Swedish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þeir, from Proto-Germanic *þai (with noun ending -r).

Alternative forms

(informal) dom
(informal, dialectal) di

Pronunciation

audio (file)
(Sweden) IPA^(key): /dɔm/, (formal) /deː/, (dialectal) /diː/, (dialectal) /dɪ/
Homophone: dem (if pronounced /dɔm/)
Homophones: det, D, d (if pronounced /deː/.)
(Finland) IPA^(key): /diː/
Rhymes: -ɔm, -eː

Pronoun

de (third-person plural nominative, dative and accusative dem, genitive deras, reflexive sig)

they
Misspelling of dem.

Usage notes

In most dialects, de (“they”) and dem (“them”) are no longer distinguished in speech. They are regularly mixed up in writing by native speakers, due to lack of grammatical intuition. The article de is often mixed up with dem as well.

Declension

Swedish personal pronouns

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	common	neuter	plural
singular	first	—	jag	mig, mej³	min	mitt	mina
	second	—	du	dig, dej³	din	ditt	dina
	third	masculine (person)	han	honom, han², en⁵	hans
		feminine (person)	hon	henne, na⁵	hennes
		gender-neutral (person)¹	hen	hen, henom⁷	hens
		common (noun)	den	den	dess
		neuter (noun)	det	det	dess
		indefinite	man or en⁴	en	ens
		reflexive	—	sig, sej³	sin	sitt	sina
plural	first	—	vi	oss	vår, våran²	vårt, vårat²	våra
	second	—	ni	er	er, eran², ers⁶	ert, erat²	era
	second	archaic	I	eder	eder, eders⁶	edert	edra
	third	—	de, dom³	dem, dom³	deras
	third	reflexive	—	sig, sej³	sin	sitt	sina

¹Neologism. Usage has increased since 2010, and has gained widespread acceptance today.

²Informal

³Colloquial pronunciation spelling.

⁴Dialectal, also used lately as an alternative to man, to avoid association to the male gender.

⁵Informal, somewhat dialectal

⁶Formal address

⁷Discouraged by the Swedish Language Council

Article

de

the, a definite article used in the beginning of noun phrases containing attributive adjectives and nouns in the plural. This article is used together with the definite suffix of the noun to indicate the definiteness of the noun phrase.
de gröna bilarna ― the green cars

Usage notes

The usage notes for den explain how to express "the ."
The same type of noun phrases with singular nouns instead use den (common gender) or det (neuter) for this function. Some definite noun phrases with attributive adjectives may skip these preceding articles. This is the case especially for many lexicalized noun phrases and also for many noun phrases working as proper names of organisations, geographical places, TV shows, events and similar.

Brittiska öarna

The British Isles

Han har varit inne i Vita huset

He has been inside the White House (where "Han har varit inne i det vita huset" would be expected were "Vita huset" not a proper noun)

While the personal pronoun de has an object form and a genitive form, the definite article de is unaffected by the syntactic role of the noun phrase.

Related terms

de här

Etymology 2

From the common pronunciation of this word.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/
Homophones: det, D, d

Pronoun

de

(colloquial, text messaging, Internet) Pronunciation spelling of det.

Article

de

(colloquial, text messaging, Internet) Pronunciation spelling of det.

References

Anagrams

e.d., ed

Tabaru

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Conjunction

de

coordinating conjunction between two nouns: and
'o 'esa de 'o dea ― mother and father
coordinating conjunction between two clauses: and
'una wigogama de witirine ― he is feverish and he trembles

References

Edward A. Kotynski (1988) “Tabaru phonology and morphology”, in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, volume 32, Summer Institute of Linguistics

Tagalog

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /de/,

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish de (“of”).

Preposition

de (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

(archaic) of (now only used in derived forms)
Synonym: ng

Etymology 2

From Spanish de, the Spanish name of the letter D/d.

Noun

de (Baybayin spelling ᜇᜒ)

(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter D, in the Abecedario.
Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) di, (in the Abakada alphabet) da

Tarantino

Preposition

de

of

Tok Pisin

This entry has fewer than three known examples of actual usage, the minimum considered necessary for clear attestation, and may not be reliable. Tok Pisin is subject to a special exemption for languages with limited documentation. If you speak it, please consider editing this entry or adding citations. See also Help and the Community Portal.

Etymology

From English day.

Noun

de

day
- 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:5:
  Tulait em i kolim “De”, na tudak em i kolim “Nait”. Nait i go pinis na moning i kamapage. Em i de namba wan.
  →New International Version translation

Related terms

Turkish

Alternative forms

da (after front vowels)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (standard) /dɛ/,
IPA^(key): (colloquial) /‿dɛ/,

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish ده (da, de, “conj. also, and, moreover, again”), from Proto-Turkic *tākı (“conj. and”).

Conjunction

de

as well, too, also
Özer de sorunun yanıtını biliyor. ― Özer also knows the answer of the question.

Berker de bizimle geliyor. ― Berker is coming with us as well.

Utku da dondurma yemeyi sever. ― Utku likes eating ice cream, too.
however
Herkes iddia ediyor ki boyum uzamış da ben fark etmiyorum. ― Everyone claims that I've gotten taller however I don't really notice it.

Usage notes

Complies with vowel harmony; takes the form da with vowels "a, ı, o, u" and de with vowels "e, i, ö, ü."
Although generally linked with the word before in conversations, the Turkish Language Association accepts the joined spelling of the word before with "de" as a misspelling.

Etymology 2

Verb

de

second-person singular imperative of demek

Etymology 3

Noun

de

The name of the Latin-script letter D.

References

^ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ده”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 929
^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*d(i)akɨ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “de”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Volapük

Preposition

de

of, from

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deː/
Rhymes: -eː

Etymology 1

Contraction of older deau (“right; south”), from Proto-Celtic *dexswos (“right”). Cognate with Cornish dyhow, Breton dehou, Irish deas, Scottish Gaelic deas, Manx jiass.

The sense "south" comes from the fact that the south is on the right-hand side of a person facing east. Compare the relationship between cledd (“left”) and gogledd (“north”).

Adjective

de (feminine singular de, plural de, not comparable)

right (opposite of left)
south, southern (abbreviation: D)

Derived terms

Môr y De (“the South Sea”)
Pegwn y De (“the South Pole”)

Noun

de m or f (uncountable)

right
south
(as y De, when in Wales) South Wales

Usage notes

The noun has masculine gender when used with the sense of "south" and feminine gender when used with the sense "right".

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
de	dde	ne	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of "south"): gogledd
(antonym(s) of "right"): chwith

Derived terms

de-ddwyrain (“south-east”)
de-orllewin (“south-west”)

References

^ Evans, D. Silvan (1893) Dictionary of the Welsh Language‎, page 1388

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

de

Soft mutation of te.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
te	de	nhe	the
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

West Frisian

Etymology

Compare Dutch and Low German de, English the, German der.

Determiner

de

the; definite article
Ik hâld de boek. ― I'm holding the book.

Usage notes

After one-syllable prepositions ending in a consonant, the variant 'e is used.

Inflection

Common singular: de
Neuter singular: it
Plural: de

West Makian

Etymology

Possibly related to the stem found in Ternate ngori.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̪e/

Pronoun

de (possessive prefix ti)

first-person singular pronoun, I

References

Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

Wyandot

Etymology

cf. Mohawk ne.

Article

de

the

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dàì.

Adjective

-de

tall

Inflection

Adjective concord, tone L
	Modifier		Copulative
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st singular	endimde	endingemde	ndimde	andimde
2nd singular	omde	ongemde	umde	awumde
1st plural	esibade	esingebade	sibade	asibade
2nd plural	enibade	eningebade	nibade	anibade
Class 1	omde	ongemde	mde	akamde
Class 2	abade	abangebade	bade	ababade
Class 3	omde	ongemde	mde	awumde
Class 4	emide	engemide	mide	ayimide
Class 5	elide	elingelide	lide	alilide
Class 6	amade	angemade	made	awamade
Class 7	eside	esingeside	side	asiside
Class 8	ezinde	ezingezinde	zinde	azizinde
Class 9	ende	engende	inde	ayiyinde
Class 10	ezinde	ezingezinde	zinde	azizinde
Class 11	olude	olungelude	lude	alulude
Class 14	obude	obungebude	bude	abubude
Class 15	okude	okungekude	kude	akukude
Class 17	okude	okungekude	kude	akukude

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Particle

de

expresses frustration

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “de”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon

Yoruba

Alternative forms

دعِ

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dè/

Verb

dè

(transitive) to tie down, to constrain
Mo dè é lọ́wọ́ àti lẹ́sẹ̀ ― I tied him on both his hands and legs
to embroider
Mo de ọrùn aṣọ náà ― I embroided the neck of the clothes

Usage notes

de when coming before a direct object

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dè/

Verb

dè

(intransitive) to deputize, to hold a position for someone temporarily
Ó ń de ipò fún mi ― He was deputizing my position for me

Usage notes

Usually used with the word ipò (“position”)
de when coming before a direct object

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Cognate with Igala dè.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dè/

Verb

dè

(transitive) to await, to wait for
Mo jókòó dè é ― I sat down and waited for him

Usage notes

de when coming before a direct object noun
Used as a verb-second element

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dé/

Verb

dé

(intransitive, copulative) to arrive
A ti dé ― We have arrived
(transitive) to attain, to reach a particular point

Derived terms

Preposition

dé

up to, as far as
Ó gùn títí dé Èkó ― It stretched to as far as Lagos

Etymology 5

Cognate with Igala dé.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dé/

Verb

dé

(transitive) to cover, to wear a hat

Derived terms

adé (“crown”)
dádé
ìdé

Zande

Noun

de

woman

Zealandic

Etymology

An unstressed variety of Middle Dutch die.

Determiner

de

the (definite article)

Inflection

Masculine: de, d'n (before b, d, t or a vowel)
Feminine: de
Neuter: 't
Plural: de

Zhuang

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Proto-Zhuang-Tai *te.A?”)

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /te˨˦/
Tone numbers: de¹
Hyphenation: de

Pronoun

de (Sawndip forms 他 or 𬿇 or 𭶼 or 爹 or 佚 or 𰂡, 1957–1982 spelling de)

he; she; it

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dàì. The expected reflex would be -le, however it was changed due to analogy with its class 8, 9, and 10 forms (zinde, inde, zinde).

Adjective

-de

long
tall, high

Inflection

Adjective concord, tone L
	Modifier		Copulative
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st singular	engimude	engingemude	ngimude	angimude
2nd singular	omude	ongemude	umude	awumude
1st plural	esibade	esingebade	sibade	asibade
2nd plural	enibade	eningebade	nibade	anibade
Class 1	omude	ongemude	mude	akamude
Class 2	abade	abangebade	bade	ababade
Class 3	omude	ongemude	mude	awumude
Class 4	emide	engemide	mide	ayimide
Class 5	elide	elingelide	lide	alilide
Class 6	amade	angemade	made	awamade
Class 7	eside	esingeside	side	asiside
Class 8	ezinde	ezingezinde	zinde	azizinde
Class 9	ende	engende, engeyinde	inde, yinde	ayiyinde
Class 10	ezinde	ezingezinde	zinde	azizinde
Class 11	olude	olungelude	lude	alulude
Class 14	obude	obungebude	bude	abubude
Class 15	okude	okungekude	kude	akukude
Class 17	okude	okungekude	kude	akukude

Derived terms

-dana
ubude

Verb

-de

(auxiliary) always

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-dé”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-dé”
C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “-de”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-de”

ǃKung

Noun

de

woman

Synonyms

ǯau
zau

[1] Banque de dépannage linguistique

[2] Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 73

[3] Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 19

[4] (2012) The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard: Version 6.1 – Core Specification. →ISBN, page 468; citing: (1985) Geoffrey Sampson, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. →ISBN.

[5] Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ده”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 929

[6] Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*d(i)akɨ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[7] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “de”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[8] Evans, D. Silvan (1893) Dictionary of the Welsh Language‎, page 1388

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	common	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	mig	min	mit	mine
	Second	modern / informal	du	dig	din	dit	dine
	Second	formal	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	hende	hendes
		common(noun)	den		dens
		neuter(noun)	det		dets
		reflexive	–	sig	sin	sit	sine
Plural	First	modern	vi	os	vores
	First	archaic / formal	vi	os	vor	vort	vore
	Second	–	I	jer	jeres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres
	Third	reflexive	–	sig	deres

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	feminine	masculine	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	meg	mi	min	mitt	mine
	Second	general	du	deg	di	din	ditt	dine
	Second	formal (rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	feminine (person)	hun	henne	hennes
		masculine (person)	han	ham / han	hans
		feminine (noun)	den		dens
		masculine (noun)	den		dens
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		reflexive	–	seg	si	sin	sitt	sine
Plural	First	–	vi	oss	vår		vårt	våre
	Second	general	dere		deres
	Second	formal (very rare)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	general	de	dem	deres
	Third	reflexive	–	seg	si	sin	sitt	sine