deus

See also: déus and Deus

Catalan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian)

Noun

deus m pl

plural of deu (“tens”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian)

Noun

deus f pl

plural of deu (“springs (of water)”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Verb

deus

second-person singular present indicative of deure

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese deus, from Latin deus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdews/
Rhymes: -ews
Hyphenation: deus

Noun

deus m (plural deuses, feminine deusa, feminine plural deusas)

god, deity

Related terms

adeus
Deus

References

“deus” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
“deus” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
“deus” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
“deus” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.

Latin

Latin Wikipedia has an article on:

deus

Wikipedia ^la

Alternative forms

Deus (letter case, God in Abrahamic faiths)
dius (used in the phrase "me dius fidius")

Etymology

From Old Latin deivos, from Proto-Italic *deiwos, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. An o-stem derivative from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”), from which also diēs and Iuppiter.

Details

Doublet of dīvus: dẹ̄vos, -om, -ōs > dẹ̄os, -om, -ōs with regular loss of -v- before a rounded vowel; it was also lost between identical vowels, followed by contraction: *dẹ̄vẹ̄(s) > dī(s). As a result, the close -ẹ̄- escaped the regular raising to /ī/ of urban (but not dialectal) Latin, instead merging with /ē/, which itself underwent raising. The remaining genitive singular *dī was regularised to deī, while the vocative became part of the paradigm of the newly-reshaped dīvus. de- was later analogicaly introduced into the plural; the form diī(s) is absent from Plautus, and might have been reincorporated from a contraction of dīvī (with the same condition as before), or even be purely orthographic.

Cognates with Ancient Greek Ζεύς (Zeús), Ancient Greek Διεύς (Dieús), Sanskrit देव (devá), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (daēuua), Welsh duw, Lithuanian dievas, Samogitian (Žemaitiškai) deivs, Persian (div, “demon”).

Despite its superficial similarity in form and meaning, not related to Ancient Greek θεός (theós) — the Latin cognate of the latter is Latin fānum.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈde.us/,
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈde.us/,

Noun

deus m (irregular, genitive deī, feminine dea); second declension

god, deity
- c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 138–140:
  HEGIO Ergasile, salvē. ERGASILUS Dī tē bene ament, Hēgiō.
  HE. How are you, Ergasilus? ER. May the gods be kind to you, Hegio.
- 57 BCE, Cicero, De haruspicum responsis 42:
  Hic vērō, dē quō ego ipse tam multa nunc dīcō. Prō, dī immortālēs! Quid est? Quid valet?
  And as for him, the man that I myself have now spent so many words on. Good gods! What is he? What power does he exert?
- 47 CE, Scribonius Largus, Compositiones medicamentorum 84.6–7, 17–19:
  Sī nōn vīderant medicī, meritō essent culpandī Et, ō bone deus, hī sunt ipsī, quī imputant suam culpam medicāmentīs quasi nihil proficientibus!
  If physicians didn't see this, they deserved to be blamed And, my god, these are the very people who blame their failure on medications, saying that they don't work!
- ca. 19 BCE – ca. 31 CE, Velleius Paterculus, Historia Romana 2.126:
  Sacrāvit parentem suum Caesar nōn imperiō, sed religiōne. Nōn appellāvit eum, sed fēcit deum.
  Augustus deified his father not by the exercise of power, but by creating an attitude of reverence. He did not just call him a god, but made him be one.
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate John.1.1:
  In prīncipiō erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum.
  In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.
the ancient Roman “Dī Penātēs,” personal or family gods of hearth and home, embodied as small statues or icons
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.5–6:
  multa quoque et bellō passūs, dum conderet urbem, īnferretque deōs Latiō.
  And also suffered much in war, until he could found a city, and could carry his gods into Latium.
  (Within the context of ancient Roman religious beliefs, the safe transfer of Aeneas’s family gods from Troy to Italy was symbolically as meaningful as the arrival of the man himself. See: Di Penates.)
epithet of high distinction
- 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 4.16:
  fēcī idem quod in Πολιτείᾳ deus ille noster Platō.
  I did the same thing as our good old everything, Plato, had done in his Republic.
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 5.392–393:
  "Entelle, hērōum quondam fortissime frūstrā Ubi nunc nōbīs deus ille, magister nēquīquam memorātus, Eryx? "
  "Entellus, once bravest of heroes, though in vain Where now is that divine Eryx , whom you have vaunted to be your teacher?

Usage notes

The regularly constructed vocative singular form would be *dee, but this inflection is not attested in Classical Latin; polytheistic Romans had no formal use for vocally addressing one of the many Roman deities by a generic term for god rather than address a deity by proper name. In Late Latin, following Rome's conversion to monotheistic Christianity, Dee and Deus were adopted as the vocative singular form to address the Christian God, attested to throughout the 4th century AD Biblical Latin Vulgate Bible of St. Jerome. Some scholars suggest dive was used as the classical vocative singular, while others believe the form simply did not exist prior to Christian Latin. However the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae and Oxford Latin Dictionary assert that the classical vocative singular was in fact deus, citing its rhetorical usage by Roman physician Scribonius Largus in the 1st century AD.

Declension

Second-declension noun (irregular).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	deus	dī diī deī
Genitive	deī	deōrum deûm divom
Dative	deō	dīs diīs deīs
Accusative	deum	deōs
Ablative	deō	dīs diīs deīs
Vocative	dee deus	dī diī deī

Coordinate terms

dea (goddess)

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Eastern Romance
- Romanian: zeu, zău
Franco-Provençal: diô
Italo-Dalmatian
- Corsican: diu, dio
- Dalmatian: di, dai
- Istriot: deo
- Italian: dio, deh
- Neapolitan: ddìo
- Sicilian: deu, diu
Occitano-Romance
- Catalan: déu
- Old Occitan: deu
  - Occitan: dieu
Old French: deu
- Middle French: dieu
  - French: dieu
    - Haitian Creole: dye
- Bourguignon: dei
- Norman: dùu, dgieu
Rhaeto-Romance
- Friulian: diu
- Romansch: dieu
Sardinian: déu
Venetian: dio
West Iberian
- Aragonese: dios
- Extremaduran: dios
- Old Leonese:
  - Asturian: dios
  - Leonese: dius, dious
  - Mirandese: dius
- Old Galician-Portuguese: deus
  - Galician: deus
  - Portuguese: deus (see there for further descendants)
- Old Spanish: dios
  - Ladino: dio
  - Spanish: dios (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Weiss, Michael L. (2009) Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin‎, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, page 225
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 1
^ John Rauk (1997 April) “The Vocative of Deus and Its Problems”, in Classical Philology‎, volume 92, number 2, pages 138-149

Old French

Alternative forms

deuz

Etymology

From Latin duos, duas, the masculine and feminine accusative singulars of duō. The nominative form dui come from plural Vulgar Latin *duī, altered from duō under analogy with forms like duae.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deu̯s/

Numeral

cardinal number
2	Previous:	un
2	Next:	trois

deus (nominative dui)

two

Descendants

Middle French: deux
- French: deux
Norman: deux
→ English: deuce

Old Galician-Portuguese

Alternative forms

Deus
deꝯ (abbreviation)
dṡ (abbreviation)

Etymology

From Latin deus (“god”). See deus for more information.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ews̺/

Proper noun

deus

(Christianity) God
- 13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, E codex, cantiga 3 (facsimile):
  
  Por ela nos perdõou / deus o pecado Dadam. / da maçãa que goſtou. per / que ſoffreu muit affan.
  Through her, God forgave us of Adam’s sin. Of the apple he tasted, because she felt very anguished.

Descendants

Galician: deus
Portuguese: deus (see there for further descendants)

Portuguese

Alternative forms

deos (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese deus (“God”), from Latin deus (“god, deity”), unusual in that it was derived from the nominative instead of the accusative (deum), from Old Latin deivos (“god, deity”), from Proto-Italic *deiwos (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god, deity”), from *dyew- (“sky, heaven”).

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈdews/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈdewʃ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈdewʃ/

Homophone: Deus

Noun

deus m (plural deuses, feminine deusa or (poetic) deia, feminine plural deusas or (poetic) deias)

god; deity
Synonym: divindade

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

→ Javanese: ꦢꦼꦗꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (dejos)
- → Dutch: Joost
  - Afrikaans: josie
→ Chinese Pidgin English:
- → English: joss

Walloon

Etymology

From Old French deus (compare French deux), from Latin duōs, masculine accusative of duo.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /døː/

Numeral

deus

two

[1] Weiss, Michael L. (2009) Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin‎, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, page 225

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 1

[4] John Rauk (1997 April) “The Vocative of Deus and Its Problems”, in Classical Philology‎, volume 92, number 2, pages 138-149

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