drošs

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See also: Droß and dross

Latvian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Baltic *drans-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰers-, *dʰres-, *dʰros- (to dare, to be brave, to attack), related to *der- (to peel, to pluck, to slice). An original u-stem *druosus gave rise to parallel forms drošs and (dialectal) dross. From the dialectal form were derived drosme (courage), drosmīgs (courageous). Cognates include Lithuanian drąsùs, Old Prussian dyrsos (brave) (nom. fem. pl. or nom. masc. sg.), dirstlan (energetic, impressive), Proto-Slavic *dьrzъ (Old Church Slavonic дръзъ (drŭzŭ), дрьзъ (drĭzŭ), Russian де́рзкий (dérzkij, impertinent), Czech drzý, Polish dziarski (dashing, youthful, quick, fast)), Sanskrit धृषु (dhṛṣú, neat), धृष्णु (dhṛṣṇú, brave, strong), Ancient Greek θρασύς (thrasús, brave, reckless) (< *dʰr̥s-), Latin infestus (unsafe, hostile).

Pronunciation

Adjective

drošs (definite drošais, comparative drošāks, superlative visdrošākais, adverb droši)

  1. brave, fearless, confident (not afraid, behaving freely, unconstrained)
    Aijai patīk droši, vīrišķīgi cilvēkiAija likes brave, masculine people (i.e., men)
    baloži kļuva tik droši, ka savam kopējam sēdēja uz pleciemthe pigeons became so fearless that they sat on their fellows' shoulders
  2. brave, free, confident (showing, expressing bravery, freedom from constraints, worries)
    droša izturēšanāsconfident demeanor
    drošs prātsbrave, confident mind, spirit
    droša uzstāšanāsconfident speech
    droša atbildeconfident answer
    runāt drošā balsīto speak in a confident, (care)free voice
    bet visvairāk viņu pārsteidza Edītes mierīgā izturēšanās, viņas drošais, atklātais skatiensbut above all he was surprised by Edīte's calm demeanor, her confident, open look
  3. confident, sure, certain
    sportists bija drošs par savu uzvaruthe athlete was sure of his victory
    ja Edgars ir solījis, Aina var būt droša, viņš steidzas mājupif Edgars promised, (then) Aina can be sure (that) he is hurrying home
  4. safe (not at risk, not exposed to danger, which protects, offers protection)
    drošs patvērumssafe haven
    droša patvertnesafe shelter
  5. safe (not at risk, assured, guaranteed)
    drošs stāvoklissafe state, condition
    mani uzņēmumi visi ir labi nostādīti; peļņa pilnīgi droša!my businesses are all well structured; profits are fully safe (= guaranteed)
  6. safe, reliable (which can be trusted)
    drošās rokāsin safe hands
    viņam visdrošākais sargs un vislabākā pajumte ir mātes tuvumsto him, the safest guard and the best shelter is (his) mother's proximity
  7. safe, reliable (which raises no doubts, unquestionable)
    drošās ziņasreliable information, news
    droši datireliable data
  8. (of thoughts, beliefs) safe, strong, confident
    droša pārliecība par uzvaruconfident belief in victory
    bet visas cerības, drošas un nedrošas, sašķīda vienā pašā acumirklī kā ziepju burbuļibut all hope, confident or not, came together in the same moment like soap bubbles

Declension

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References

  1. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “drošs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN