e-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "e"

English

Etymology 1

From Latin ē-.

Pronunciation

(General American) IPA^(key): /ɛ-/

Prefix

e-

(non-productive) Used to form adjectives with the sense of something being lacking or removed.
e.g. eluviation, edentulous, elenge

Synonym: ex-

Etymology 2

Abbreviation of electronic.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

In an electronic form, especially computerized and digital; often in association with the Internet.
Coordinate terms: cyber-, i-

Usage notes

This practice began with E-mail in June 1979. The first usage of E-mail, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, occurred in the journal Electronics with reference to an initiative of the United States Postal Service (USPS) called Electronic Computer Originated Mail, which USPS abbreviated E-COM.

Many terms beginning with e- can be seen in both hyphenated (e.g. e-card) and unhyphenated (e.g., ecard) form, and sometimes – particularly in a business context – the letter following the e- will be capitalized (e.g., eBusiness or e-Business). In the present day, e- is generally used to indicate association with or transmission over the Internet. In proper names beginning with e-, the convention is generally to leave the e- lower-case, and to capitalize the second letter of the name (e.g., eBay). The e remains then lower-case when the name is used at the beginning of a sentence.

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with e- (digital)

Translations

Polish: e- (pl)

Etymology 3

Abbreviation of emergency.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

For emergency purposes.
e-stop, e-brake

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with e- (emergency)

Etymology 4

Abbreviation of electric or electrical.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i-/

Prefix

e-

(marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate an electrified or all-electric variant of the product, particularly cars.
1. (marketing) Used to prefix product names, to indicate a battery-powered or onboard electric power source variant.
Electric.
e-stim

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with e- (electric power)

Etymology 5

Abbreviation of embedded.

Prefix

e-

(electronics) Used to prefix items that are embedded into devices, instead of being discrete or removable elements.

Derived terms

eMMC
eSIM

References

^ “e-, prefix²”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, January 2018; “e-”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Cayuga

Prefix

e-

third person feminine agent pronominal prefix; she

References

Marianne Mithun, Reginald Henry (1982) Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 66

Chuukese

Prefix

e-

Third-person singular subject marker for tense modifying adverbs.
one

Finnish

Etymology

From English e-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈeː/,

Prefix

e-

e- (electronic)

Usage notes

The hyphen is kept (not dropped) when this prefix is used.

Derived terms

Finnish terms prefixed with e-

compounds

Latin

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /eː/,
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /e/,

Prefix

ē-

Alternative form of ex- (combining with b-, d-, g-, j-, l-, m-, n-, r-, and v-initial words).

Derived terms

Latin terms prefixed with ex-

Mokilese

Prefix

e-

number prefix for one

Usage notes

e- is a numerical prefix, attached to classifiers and other numbers to create various numeral forms and numbers.

Derived terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 adjective concord.

Old Irish

Prefix

e- (class A infixed pronoun)

Alternative form of a- (“him, it”)

Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from English e-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛ/, /i/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ

Prefix

e-

e-, as relating to electronics or the internet
‎e- + ‎papier → ‎e-papier

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with e-

Portuguese

Prefix

e-

Alternative form of em- used before M and N
Alternative form of ex- (outward motion)

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 adjective concord.

Swedish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse æ, from Proto-Germanic *aiwi (“forever”), Proto-Germanic *aiwaz.

Prefix

e-

prefix that may be used on certain pronouns and adverbs to create "-ever" constructions, most of which are formal or archaic.
‎e- + ‎huru (“how”) → ‎ehuru (“although, however”)

‎e- + ‎vad (“what”) → ‎evad (“whatever”)

‎e- + ‎var (“who”) → ‎evar (“wherever”)

‎e- + ‎ho (“who”) → ‎eho (“whoever”)

Derived terms

Swedish terms prefixed with e- (ever, eternally)

Related terms

e

Etymology 2

From English e-, shortening of electronic.

Prefix

e-

electronic; including the hyphen

Derived terms

Swedish terms prefixed with e- (electronic)

Tocharian A

Etymology

Compare Tocharian B ai-.

Verb

e-

to give

Tooro

Alternative forms

(before -a- or subjunctive -e-) y-
(before vowels in other cases) ey-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /e-/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

Prefix

e-

class 4 pronominal concord
‎e- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎enu (“these (class 4)”)
class 9 pronominal concord
‎e- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎enu (“this (class 9)”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-. Originally the concord of Class 9, it replaced the Class 4 concord as well.

Prefix

e-

they; class 4 subject concord
‎e- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎ekora (“they (class 4) do”)
it; class 9 subject concord
‎e- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎ekora (“it (class 9) does”)

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 413-414

Welsh

Etymology

From English e-, an abbreviation of electronic.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eː/, /ɛ/

Prefix

e-

e-
‎e- + ‎llyfr (“book”) → ‎e-lyfr (“e-book”)

‎e- + ‎masnach (“trade, commerce”) → ‎e-fasnach (“e-commerce”)

‎e- + ‎post (“post, mail”) → ‎e-bost (“email”)

‎e- + ‎dysgu (“to learn”) → ‎e-ddysgu (“e-learning”)

Derived terms

Welsh terms prefixed with e-

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
e-	unchanged	unchanged	he-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “e-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Xhosa

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

at, on, in; locative prefix.

Usage notes

This prefix is used with nouns of all classes except 1(a) and 2(a). Usually, it occurs in the form of the circumfix e- -ini, but certain nouns have only the prefix. When affixed to a class 11 noun in u-, it changes to elu-. Also when affixed to a class 10 noun in iin-, iim-, ii-, it also changes to ezin-, ezim-, ezi-.

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Etymology 1

Perhaps originally related to or a variant form of öt-, which has an allmorphic form e- in some related languages. However, note that intransitive verbs formed with öt- have agent-like arguments, whereas those formed with e- have patient-like arguments.

Prefix

e-

Converts a transitive verb into an intransitive verb with a patient-like argument, variously with reflexive, reciprocal, or passive meaning.

Usage notes

Only used with transitive verbs whose root begins with a consonant. A transitive verb that can be converted in such a way will generally have an epenthetic i- preceding its root in most conjugated forms, as well as palatalization of its initial consonant.

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms prefixed with e-

Etymology 2

Prefix

e-

Attaches to possessed nouns beginning with ö when the possessor is first- or second-person or is indicated by a full noun preceding the possessed noun

Usage notes

This prefix takes the place of the ö that introduces the possessed noun. Its status as a prefix is debatable; it may rather be analyzed as an ablaut phenomenon.

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 70–72, 111, 132–133

Zou

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə˧/

Prefix

e-

Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
‎e- + ‎ne (“to eat”) → ‎ene (“eater”)

Derived terms

Zou terms prefixed with e-

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 81

Zulu

Etymology 1

From a- (“relative”) +‎ i- (“class 4”).

Prefix

ḗ-

Class 4 relative concord.

Etymology 2

From a- (“relative”) +‎ i- (“class 9”).

Prefix

ḗ-

Class 9 relative concord.

Etymology 3

Possibly related to Rwanda-Rundi i.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

e-

at, on, in; locative prefix.

Usage notes

This prefix is used with nouns of all classes except 1(a) and 2(a). Usually, it occurs in the form of the circumfix e- -ini, but certain nouns have only the prefix. When affixed to a class 5 noun beginning in ī-, it is lengthened to ē-, and when affixed to a class 11 noun in ū-, it is lengthened and also changes to ō-. It takes on the tone of whichever prefix it replaces.

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “e-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “e-”

[1] “e-, prefix²”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, January 2018; “e-”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
Person	Class A	Class B	Class C	Suffixed
1 sing.	m-^L	dom-^L, dam-^L		-um
2 sing.	t-^L	dot-^L, dat-^L, dut-^L, dit-^L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-^N, e-^N	d-^N	id-^N, did-^N, d-^N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-^(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-^L, e-^L	d-^L	id-^L, did-^L, d-^L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-^(N)	da-		-us
^L means this form triggers lenition. ^N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) ^(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	Combined forms
Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	na	ni
Class 1	First	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	Second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	Third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
Class 2	First	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	Second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	Third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
Class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
Class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
Class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
Class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
Class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
Class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
Class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
Class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
Class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
Class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
Class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
Class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
Class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
Class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
Reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

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