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(auxiliary verb)don't, doesn't, not: used in negative forms of non-imperative verbs. Ma ei tea. I don't know. (Compare: Ma tean. I know.)
Usage notes
The verb follows the word ei.
In the present tense indicative, the form of the verb coincides with the imperative of the second person singular. In past tenses indicative, the form of the verb is personal past participle. In the conditional mood, the form of the verb coincides with third person singular conditional in the present tense or the past tense. In the indirect mood, the form of the verb is the indirect form.
With certain conjunctions, contractions may be used (e.g. miksi + ei → miksei). In some cases, like ellei and jollei, the independent conjunction has fallen out of use, but the contractions still remain in use. For other cases, the contractions are optional, but commonly used. When the contraction is used, the negative verb may effectively shift ahead in the clause:
En tiedä, miksi hän ei tullut. → En tiedä, miksei hän tullut.
I don't know why he didn't come.
Grammar
The negation verb is used with the connegative form of the main verb.
In the active voice, the verb ei is inflected in person and mood (only for imperative, otherwise the indicative forms are used).
In the indicative mood and present tense (including for olla in the perfect tense), the connegative form is identical to the second-person singular imperative.
In the indicative mood and past tense (including for olla in the pluperfect tense and the main verb in the perfect and pluperfect tenses), the connegative form is the past active participle (-nut / -nyt).
In the conditional and potential moods, the connegative ends with the mood markers -isi- and -ne- (without the personal ending), respectively.
In the imperative mood, the connegative form is the same as the positive form for the second-person singular, while for the other forms a form ending in -ko / -kö is used.
In the passive voice, the third-person singular ei (or älköön for the imperative mood) is used.
In the present tense, the connegative form is the impersonal or passive form without the final -an / -än (indicative), -in (conditional), -en (potential) and -on / -ön (imperative).
In the past tense (including the perfect and pluperfect tenses), the connegative form is the past passive participle (-ttu / -tty).
The total object in the negative is always in the partitive case, not the accusative case (whether that be the nominative, genitive or a special form):
Näen koiran. → En näe koiraa. ― I see a dog. → I don't see a dog.(accusative → partitive)
Näen naiset. → En näe naisia. ― I see the women. → I don't see the women.(accusative → partitive)
Näen sinut. → En näe sinua. ― I (can) see you. → I don't see you.(accusative → partitive)
An example of a full paradigm of active forms
Indicative:
Hän näkee. → Hän ei näe.
He sees. / He does see. → He doesn't see.
Hän näki. → Hän ei nähnyt.
He saw. / He did see. → He didn't see.
Hän on nähnyt. → Hän ei ole nähnyt.
He has seen. → He hasn't seen.
Hän oli nähnyt. → Hän ei ollut nähnyt.
He had seen. → He hadn't seen.
Conditional:
Hän näkisi. → Hän ei näkisi.
He would see. → He wouldn't see.
Hän olisi nähnyt. → Hän ei olisi nähnyt.
He would have seen. → He wouldn't have seen.
Imperative:
Näe! → Älä näe!
See! → Don't see!
Potential:
Hän nähnee. → Hän ei nähne.
He probably sees. → He probably doesn't see.
Hän lienee nähnyt. → Hän ei liene nähnyt.
He probably has seen. → He probably hasn't seen.
An example of a full paradigm of passive forms
Indicative:
Hänet nähdään. → Häntä ei nähdä.
He is seen. → He isn't seen.
Hänet nähtiin. → Häntä ei nähty.
He was seen. → He wasn't seen.
Hänet on nähty. → Häntä ei ole nähty.
He has been seen. → He hasn't been seen.
Hänet oli nähty. → Häntä ei ollut nähty.
He had been seen. → He hadn't been seen.
Conditional:
Hänet nähtäisiin. → Häntä ei nähtäisi.
He would be seen. → He wouldn't be seen.
Hänet olisi nähty. → Häntä ei olisi nähty.
He would have been seen. → He wouldn't have been seen.
Imperative (the second form, perfect imperative, is rare):
Nähtäköön! → Älköön nähtäkö!
Let (it) be seen! → Don't let (it) be seen!
Oltakoon nähty! → Älköön oltako nähty.
Let (it) have been seen! → Don't let (it) have been seen!
Potential:
Hänet nähtäneen. → Häntä ei nähtäne.
He probably is seen. → He probably isn't seen.
Hänet lienee nähty. → Häntä ei liene nähty.
He probably has been seen. → He probably hasn't been seen.
Conjugation
The negation verb has no infinitive form.
Indicative, conditional and potential moods use the indicative forms (stem e-), for which the verb is conjugated only in person (the moods are distinguished by the connegative form used).
In the imperative mood the negation verb has the stem äl-. As with all verbs, the first-person plural imperative is formal or dated, while the third-person imperative (both singular and plural) is dated.
An archaic optative mood exists and is used mainly in poetry.
“ei”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989) “ei”, in Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN(Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)
1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 63:
Linnuil ono nälkä, evät rooka saa.
The birds are hungry, they don't get food.
Usage notes
ei is a defective verb: It is only inflected for person, and has a distinct imperative series.
Grammar
In the indicative, conditional, imperative and potential used with a connegative form of the main verb:
In the present indicative the connegative is formally identical to the imperative singular:
hää eitaho ― she doesn'twant
höö evättaho ― they don'twant
In the imperfect indicative, the connegative is formally identical to the past active participle (placed in the nominative singular in the singular, nominative plural in the plural):
hää eitahtont ― she didn'twant
höö evättahtoneet ― they didn'twant
In the conditional the connegative is formally identical to the third-person singular conditional form:
hää eitahtois ― she wouldn'twant
höö evättahtois ― they wouldn'twant
In the imperative, the connegative is formed by replacing the imperative endings of the verb by the element -ko:
hää elköötahtoko! ― may she notwant!
höö elkööttahtoko! ― may they notwant!
The second-person singular of the imperative takes a distinct connegative, which is formally identical to the present indicative connegative:
elä taho! ― do not want!
In the potential, the connegative is formed by replacing the connegative endings of the verb by the element -ne:
hää eitahtone ― she probably won'twant
höö evättahtone ― they probably won'twant
For the impersonal forms, the third-person singular (ei / elköö) is used together with an impersonal connegative:
eitahota ― it isn'twanted
eitahottu ― it wasn'twanted
eitahottais ― it woudn't bewanted
elköötahottako ― may it not bewanted
eitahottane ― it probably won't bewanted
When used to negate an infinitive, adverb, noun, etc., the negative verb agrees with the subject of the sentence:
hää herviijaa eiehtiä ― he is afraid to not make it in time
höö herviijaat evätehtiä ― they are afraid to not make it in time
N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009) Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 20
Tatjana Boiko (2019) “ei”, in Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 38
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ei”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
Shirley Burtch (1983) Diccionario Huitoto Murui (Tomo I) (Linguistica Peruana No. 20) (in Spanish), Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, page 75
Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia., Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 125
Myfi’n bugeilio’r gwenith gwyn, Ac arall yn ei fedi.
Me watching the white wheat, And another reaping it.
her, it(with reference to masculine nouns; as object of a verbal noun; triggers aspirate mutation of following consonant and h-prothesis of a following vowel)
Traditional, “Milgi, milgi”:
Ar ben y bryn mae sgwarnog fach, ar hyd y nos mae'n pori A’i chefen brith a’i bola bola gwyn yn hidio dim am filgi.
On top of the hill there's a little hare, all night long she grazes With her speckled back and her white white belly without taking any heed of any greyhound.
Usage notes
In formal Welsh, masculine ef or feminine hi is added after the noun or verbnoun which ei precedes to indicates emphasis on the determiner or pronoun. In colloquial Welsh, the masculine takes e or o (southern and northern forms respectively) after a consonant and fe or fo (southern and northern) after a vowel, whereas the feminine takes hi, but is not necessarily an indicator of emphasis. Here, it is often included with the determiner and always included with the pronoun. The exception to the latter case is in passive constructions employing cael, where no addition is found.
In formal Welsh, the contraction 'i is a valid form of ei found after mostly functional vowel-final words. In colloquial Welsh, ei is often contracted to 'i after almost any vowel-final word. The exception is both forms of the language is after the preposition i(“to, for”), after which ei contracts to 'w. (Contraction to 'w after wedi is sometimes encountered but considered non-standard.)
Pronomial ei and 'i can occur before any verbal noun. Before a verb, pronomial 'i is found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles. See entry for 'i for more information.
The colloquial pronunciation /iː/, /ɪ/ is the original pronunciation, as shown by the Middle Welsh form y. The more careful pronunciation /ei̯/ is a later spelling pronunciation.
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ei”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Many forms of this verb are irregular. Some are based on a root ei ~ e', some on a ~ aa, some on a'ja, and some on ööne ~ wene:
ei ~ e' is used with most tense/aspect/mood markers and all adverbial and nominal derivatives of the verb.
a ~ aa is used for the nonpast form, question forms, and two third-person forms na'ñojo and naichü.
a'ja is used for past imperfectives.
ööne ~ wene is used for the permanent aspect; this is the only verb in the language that has such an aspect.
The verb also takes an irregular suffix -ya in place of the ordinary recent/distant past perfective suffix -i. Similarly, the plural form of the same suffix is -yato rather than -icho.
This verb can be used as an auxiliary to form various constructions, making it possible to express tense/aspect/mood for constructions made with non-finite verb forms by putting the relevant markers on the copula instead.
Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “a'ja, ei, ka, ma, na, öönene, wa, weneene”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, pages 215–216, 238–239
Hall, Katherine (2007) “wenēne”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021
Hall, Katherine (2007) “wenɲə”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021