empedernir

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Portuguese

Etymology

From *empedrenir, from em- +‎ pedra and an uncertain suffix.[1]

Pronunciation

 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ , (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/
    • (São Paulo) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/
    • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ , (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/
 

Verb

empedernir (first-person singular present (Portugal only; missing in Brazil) empedirno, third-person singular present empederne, first-person singular preterite empederni, past participle empedernido)

  1. (transitive) to make rock hard

Conjugation

    Conjugation of empedernir (i-e alternation in present singular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal empedernir
Personal empedernir empedernires empedernir empedernirmos empedernirdes empedernirem
Gerund
empedernindo
Past participle
Masculine empedernido empedernidos
Feminine empedernida empedernidas
Indicative
Present empedirno empedernes empederne empedernimos empedernis empedernem
Imperfect empedernia empedernias empedernia empederníamos empederníeis empederniam
Preterite empederni empederniste empederniu empedernimos empedernistes empederniram
Pluperfect empedernira empederniras empedernira empederníramos empederníreis empederniram
Future empedernirei empedernirás empedernirá empederniremos empedernireis empedernirão
Conditional empederniria empedernirias empederniria empederniríamos empederniríeis empederniriam
Subjunctive
Present empedirna empedirnas empedirna empedirnamos empedirnais empedirnam
Imperfect empedernisse empedernisses empedernisse empederníssemos empedernísseis empedernissem
Future empedernir empedernires empedernir empedernirmos empedernirdes empedernirem
Imperative
Affirmative empederne empedirna empedirnamos empederni empedirnam
Negative (não) não empedirnas não empedirna não empedirnamos não empedirnais não empedirnam

References

  1. ^ Antenor Nascentes (1955) “empedernir”, in Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa [Portuguese language etymological dictionary] (in Portuguese), 2nd edition, volume I, Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Acadêmica, page 171, column 1

Spanish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /empedeɾˈniɾ/
  • Rhymes: -iɾ
  • Syllabification: em‧pe‧der‧nir

Verb

empedernir (no stressed present indicative or subjunctive, first-person singular preterite empederní, past participle empedernido)

  1. to harden

Usage notes

  • Used only with forms where the ending begins with -i.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of empedernir (defective) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive empedernir
gerund empederniendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular empedernido empedernida
plural empedernidos empedernidas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present — —tú
empedernísvos 		— empedernimos empedernís —
imperfect empedernía empedernías empedernía empederníamos empederníais empedernían
preterite empederní empederniste empedernió empedernimos empedernisteis empedernieron
future empederniré empedernirás empedernirá empederniremos empederniréis empedernirán
conditional empederniría empedernirías empederniría empederniríamos empederniríais empedernirían
subjunctive yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present — — — — — —
imperfect
(ra) 		empederniera empedernieras empederniera empederniéramos empedernierais empedernieran
imperfect
(se) 		empederniese empedernieses empederniese empederniésemos empedernieseis empederniesen
future1 empederniere empedernieres empederniere empederniéremos empederniereis empedernieren
imperative — tú
vos 		usted nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ustedes
affirmative —tú
empedernívos 		— — empedernid —
negative — — — — —

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.

Further reading

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