er

• enPR: ûr, IPA^(key): /ɜː/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɜː(r)
• Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

er

1. Said when hesitating in speech.
   • 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:

     If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.

   • 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:

     Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)

1. (informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.

   He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

• ah
• uh
• um

er (plural ers)

1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

• 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

• IPA^(key): /æːr/

• Audio:

  (file)

er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

er m

1. (personal) he; it

• ea (phonetic spelling)
• a (unstressed form)

From Middle High German er, from Old High German er (“he”). Cognate with German er.

• IPA^(key): /eɐ̯/

er

1. he

er

1. Contraction of e ur (“in a(n)”).
2. Contraction of e ar (“in the”).

• èar (Sette Comuni)

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

er

1. (Luserna) he, it

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	iar
3rd person	er, si, 'z	se

• “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.

• IPA^(key):

er

1. for, by, on account of

From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish *irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key):
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key):

er m (plural eryon or eres)

1. eagle

• her

From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.

er m (plural erys)

1. heir

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)

er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)

1. (anatomy) temple

From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.

er m

1. challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

er

1. Soft mutation of ger.

er

1. every

• IPA^(key):

er n (indeclinable)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

• “er”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “er”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/, , , but often elided in spontaneous speech.

er

1. present of være

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/, /ər/, /dər/

Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

er

1. there (unspecific to distance)
2. (with a preposition) it; him, her, them

   Ik heb ermee gewerkt.

   I have worked with it/them.

   Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.

   You can see the mountains above it/them.

• Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
• With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.

• Petjo: d'r

From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

er

1. (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)

   Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.

   My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)

   Ik zie er geen meer.

   I don't see any more (of them).

• ervan

See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

• daar
• hier
• waar

• er zijn

• re

• IPA^(key): /eːɹ/

er

1. third-person singular indicative present of vera

   Hann er skipari.

   He is a captain/skipper.

   Hon er úr Føroyum.

   She is from the Faroe Islands.

   Tað er í ordan.

   It's all right.

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer.

• IPA^(key): /eɾ/

er

1. place, location
2. the ground
3. earth

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

• (standard) IPA^(key): /eːr/, ,

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eːɐ̯
• Homophone: Ehr

• (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA^(key): /ɐ/

er

1. (personal) he.

   Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?

   Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.

2. (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).

   Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.

3. (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).

   Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.

4. (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
   • (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:

     Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.

     Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.

   • 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2‎, page 27:

     Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.

     Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.

• In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
  • for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
  • with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
• Older forms/spellings include:
  • jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (“in the, into the”) and in (“in, into”)
  • ihme (dative)

• hatter (hat er; colloquial)

• “er” in Duden online
• “er” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
• “er” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

• ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛɐ/

er

1. he

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

• IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.

er

1. first-person singular indicative present of vera

   Ég er skemmtilegur.

   I am fun (masculine)

   Hver er ég?

   Who am I?

2. third-person singular indicative present of vera

   Veit einhver hvar pabbi minn er?

   Does anybody know where my dad is?

   Hver er hann?

   Who is he?

Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).

er

1. (relative) which

   Maður er sá, er Jón heitir.

   There is a man who is named John.

   Konan, er hann var að tala við.

   The woman to whom he was talking.

   Þetta er borgin, er hann kom frá.

   This is the city from which he originated.

   Bærinn, er hún ætlar til.

   The town to which she's heading.

2. (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.

   Það er sú bók, er menn þekkja eigi höfund hennar.

   There is a book whose author people don't know.

er

1. (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
   • Judges 2:19

     En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.

     But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.

   Þar er ég kom.

   There whence I came.

   Þá er myndin var búin.

   When the movie was finished.

• þá er þegar

• "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

From Dutch er.

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/,

èr

1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

• ar (Standard Malay)

• (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet

• “er” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

• 'r (after vowels)

er m sg

1. (Roman) Dialectal form of el, whence modern il

er

1. present indicative of vara

• ler(ラー) (-rā)

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

• IPA^(key):

er(アー) • (-ā) 

1. (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

• ist(イスト) (-isuto)

• 難波功士 (2006) “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in 関西学院大学社会学部紀要‎, number 100, pages 181–189

er

1. water

From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.^[1]

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /eːr/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/,

ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension

1. hedgehog

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Third-declension noun.

• ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /er/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/,

er f (indeclinable)

1. The name of the letter R.

• Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).

• (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

• "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63

• IPA^(key):

• Audio:

  (file)

er m (invariable)

1. The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.

• Latvian letter names:

  a (A), garais ā (Ā), bē (B), cē (C), čē (Č), dē (D), e (E), garais ē (Ē), ef (F), gā (G), ģē (Ģ), hā (H), i (I), garais ī (Ī), jē (J), kā (K), ķē (Ķ), el (L), eļ (Ļ), em (M), en (N), eņ (Ņ), o (O), pē (P), er (R), es (S), eš (Š), tē (T), u (U), garais ū (Ū), vē (V), zē (Z), žē (Ž)

er

1. Alternative spelling of ehr

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/

er m inan

1. The name of the Latin-script letter r/R.

• (Latin-script letter names) a, bej, cej, čet, ćej, dej, ej, ět, ef, gej, ha, cha, i, jot, ka, eł, el, em, en, ejn, o, pej, er, ejŕ, es, eš, śej, tej, u, wej, y, zet, žet, źej

Possibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.

• IPA^(key):

er

1. Used to express hesitation; er, uh.

   Synonym: a

   Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?

   Er, where are we going?

er

1. water

• Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

er

1. Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
2. Nonstandard spelling of ér.
3. Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
4. Nonstandard spelling of èr.

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:

1. ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
2. for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
3. íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.

er

1. on
2. onto
3. during
4. for

	Singular				Plural
Person	1st	2nd	3rd m.	3rd f.	1st	2nd	3rd
Normal	orrym	ort	er	urree	orrin	erriu	orroo
Emphatic	orryms	orts	ersyn	urreeish	orrinyn	erriuish	orroosyn

er

1. third-person singular of er

   on him/it

• ersyn (emphatic)

er

1. unstressed form of dāer

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.

• IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

er

1. early
2. earlier
3. formerly
4. rather

• erly

• English: ere
• Scots: air
• Yola: ear

• “ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2020-05-25.

er

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)

er

1. Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

er

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)

er

1. Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)

er

1. Alternative form of here (“their”)

Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).

ër

1. (personal) he

Middle High German personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Singular	First		ich	mīn	mir	mich
	Second		du, dū	dīn	dir	dich
	Third	Masculine	ër CG hë(r)	sīn	im(e)	in
		Feminine	siu	ir(e)	ir(e)	sie
		Neuter	ëȥ CG iȥ, it	es	im(e)	ëȥ CG iȥ, it
Plural	First		wir	unser	uns	uns, unsich
	Second		ir	iuwer	iu, iuch	iuch
	Third	Masculine	sie	ir(e)	in	sie
		Feminine
		Neuter	siu			siu
The distinction of the forms siu and sie as shown above is typical of earlier Upper German texts, but was never general. The forms sī and si existed additionally and all four were increasingly used without differentiation.

• Alemannic German:

  Low Alemannic:

  Alsatian: ar, er, ër

  Badisch: er

  High Alemannic: er, är

  Bernese: är

  Lucerne: aer

  Northeastern: ar

  Walser: är

• Swabian: er, ear

  Swabian Jura: ear

• Bavarian: er
  • Cimbrian: èar, er, ar
  • Mòcheno: er
• Central Franconian:

  Moselle Franconian: er

  • Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
• East Central German:

  High Prussian: er

  Silesian East Central German:

  Lower Silesian East Central German: a

  Upper Silesian East Central German: a

  North Moravian: ar

  Thuringian: er

  Central Thuringian: er

  West Thuringian: aa

  Upper Saxon German: är

  Meißnisch: är

  Osterländisch: är

  Erzgebirgisch: aorr

  Lusatian: ar

• German: er

  Berlinerisch: er/ea

• East Franconian: er, ea

  Unterfränkisch: ar

  Hohenlohisch: er

• Rhine Franconian:

  Upper Hessian: er

  Lorraine Franconian: ér, éa

  Palatine German: er

  • Pennsylvania German: er
• Yiddish: ער (er)

• Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

er

1. he, it

Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	ir
3rd person	er, si, s	sei

• “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

• IPA^(key): /eːɾ/,

er

1. present of være (=to be)

   Han er ikke hjem. ― He is not home.

• IPA^(key): /æː(r)/, /eː(r)/

er

1. is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera

   Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.

2. (auxiliary) be

   Boka er skriven. ― The book is written

   Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.

• “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
• “er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.

ēr

1. before, earlier than

• Middle Dutch: êer
  • Dutch: eer
    • Afrikaans: eer
  • Limburgish: ieër

• “ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

ēr

1. ere, afore

• Middle Dutch: êer
  • Dutch: eer
    • Afrikaans: eer
  • Limburgish: ieër

• “ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

ēr

1. previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
2. earlier, before a certain time or period

• Middle Dutch: êer

• “ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/,

ēr

1. earlier, previously

ēr (+ dative)

1. before (of time)

• Saterland Frisian: eer
• West Frisian: ear't

• IPA^(key): /ˈeːr/,

ēr f

1. Alternative form of ēre

• Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.

• IPA^(key): /eːr/

ēr

1. early

ēr

1. ere, before
2. formerly

ēr

1. before, until

ēr (+ dative)

1. before

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.

• IPA^(key): /eːr/

ēr n

1. ore
2. brass

• Middle High German: er
  • Alemannic German: Eer
    • ⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
• ⇒ Old High German: ērīn
  • Middle High German: ērīn
    • German: ehern

From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).

• her (northern)

• IPA^(key): /er/

er

1. he
   • c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.

     […] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […]

     Are you prophet? and he responded no

Old High German personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Singular	First		ih (ihha, ihcha)	mīn	mir	mih
	Second		dū	dīn	dir	dih
	Third	Masculine	er (her)	(sīn)	imu, imo	inan, in
		Feminine	siu; sī, si	ira (iru, iro)	iru, iro	sia
		Neuter	iz	es, is	imu, imo	iz
Plural	First		wir	unsēr	uns	unsih
	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih
	Third	Masculine	sie	iro	im, in	sie
		Feminine	sio	iro	im, in	sio
		Neuter	siu	iro	im, in	siu
Polite form	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih

• Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

• Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer

• es, -'s

From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

er

1. who, which, that
   • verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)

     en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr

     but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one

er

1. where
2. when

   En er hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin

   and when he died, the whole world cried.

• Icelandic: er
• Faroese: er
• Old Swedish: ær

• The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

er

2. third-person singular indicative present of vera

• See above; the same rules apply.

• Icelandic: er
• Faroese: er
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: er
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: er
• Jamtish: er
• Elfdalian: ir
• Old Swedish: ær
  • Swedish: är
• Danish: er
• Old Gutnish: ier

• "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (“also, if”), Latvian ar (“also”), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, “hence, as well as”).

er + (optionally another preposition)

1. until, to, up to

• ergi

er

1. as well as

• er-

• Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎ (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283

• IPA^(key): /ɛːr/

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.

ēr

1. early

ēr

1. before, ere
2. formerly

ēr

1. before

ēr (+ dative)

1. before

From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.

ēr ?

1. copper, bronze
2. ore

• Middle Low German: ēr

From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

ēr m

1. messenger, herald

Back-formation from era (“name”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛɾ/
• Rhymes: -ɛɾ
• Hyphenation: er

er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)

1. named; having a name

• seryba'e

er

1. Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.

   el mo er a medad ― in the future.

   er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.

   rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.

• er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
• er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
• er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.

Compare German er.

• IPA^(key): /ɛɐ̯/

er

1. he

Borrowed from Middle Low German ere／eren／here.

er m ?

1. master, gentleman

er

1. Alternative form of ar

• The template Template:R:pox:SejDp does not use the parameter(s):

  3=2

  Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145
• Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
• Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛr/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr
• Syllabification: er

er f

1. genitive plural of era

From Old Turkic erür.

er

1. is, are

From Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.

er

1. man

From Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.

er

1. (Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early

er

1. morning
2. long time ago

• ergi
• ette
• er-geş (“morning and evening”)

• Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
• 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎, 1^st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
• 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages ​​- Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
• 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎, Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
• Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103

From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.

• IPA^(key): /ər/

er

1. unstressed form of hie (“he”)

• Marron C. Fort (2015) “er”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

er

1. (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
2. (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
3. (Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be

   A'm er so!

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Used emphatically. See ir.

er (plural ers)

1. Shetland form of air (“beach”)

• “er, n.⁴”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

• IPA^(key): /eːr/

er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)

1. you (plural, object)

   Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder

2. (possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)

   Synonyms: (informal) eran, (formal, archaic) eder

3. (reflexive pronoun) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves

   Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?

   Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?

• See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
• Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (“Your Majesty”) and Ers Höghet (“Your Highness”).

• -re, re-

• IPA^(key): /ɛɾ/,
• Rhymes: -æɾ

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

er

1. (dialectal) early

   Synonym: erken

• Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ار, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)

1. brave
2. man, male
3. noble
4. conscript, private (soldier of the lowest rank of the army)
5. tribesman
6. warrior

Inflection
Nominative	er
Definite accusative	eri
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	er	erler
Definite accusative	eri	erleri
Dative	ere	erlere
Locative	erde	erlerde
Ablative	erden	erlerden
Genitive	erin	erlerin
Possessive forms Nominative Singular Plural 1st singular erim erlerim 2nd singular erin erlerin 3rd singular eri erleri 1st plural erimiz erlerimiz 2nd plural eriniz erleriniz 3rd plural erleri erleri Definite accusative Singular Plural 1st singular erimi erlerimi 2nd singular erini erlerini 3rd singular erini erlerini 1st plural erimizi erlerimizi 2nd plural erinizi erlerinizi 3rd plural erlerini erlerini Dative Singular Plural 1st singular erime erlerime 2nd singular erine erlerine 3rd singular erine erlerine 1st plural erimize erlerimize 2nd plural erinize erlerinize 3rd plural erlerine erlerine Locative Singular Plural 1st singular erimde erlerimde 2nd singular erinde erlerinde 3rd singular erinde erlerinde 1st plural erimizde erlerimizde 2nd plural erinizde erlerinizde 3rd plural erlerinde erlerinde Ablative Singular Plural 1st singular erimden erlerimden 2nd singular erinden erlerinden 3rd singular erinden erlerinden 1st plural erimizden erlerimizden 2nd plural erinizden erlerinizden 3rd plural erlerinden erlerinden Genitive Singular Plural 1st singular erimin erlerimin 2nd singular erinin erlerinin 3rd singular erinin erlerinin 1st plural erimizin erlerimizin 2nd plural erinizin erlerinizin 3rd plural erlerinin erlerinin
Predicative forms Singular Plural 1st singular erim erlerim 2nd singular ersin erlersin 3rd singular er erdir erler erlerdir 1st plural eriz erleriz 2nd plural ersiniz erlersiniz 3rd plural erler erlerdir

er

1. second-person singular imperative of ermek

Other scripts
Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic	эр‍
Latin	‍
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.

er (plural erlar)

1. man

   Synonym: erkak

2. husband

   Synonym: zavj

   Antonym: xotin

• er-xotin

• IPA^(key): /ɛr/

From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).^[1]

er

1. although
   • 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

     Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.

     Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.

   • 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

     Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …

     I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …

er (triggers soft mutation)

1. (literary) since

   Synonym: ers

2. (archaic) in spite of, despite

   Synonym: er gwaethaf

3. (archaic) in order to

   Synonyms: er mwyn, i

4. (archaic) for the sake of

   Synonym: er mwyn

5. (obsolete) because of

   Synonyms: achos, o achos, oherwydd, oblegid

6. (obsolete) for, in exchange for

   Synonym: am

7. (obsolete) resulting in
8. (obsolete) through

   Synonyms: trwy, drwy

• In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.

Saif y castell yma er 1284.

The castle has stood here since 1284.

Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.

The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.

Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.

Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.

The castle has been here for centuries.

In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.

• er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
• er gwaethaf (“despite”)
• ers (“since”)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

er f (plural eriau)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

• (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd

er

1. clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.