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2004, Joop Jukema, Theunis Piersma, “Kleine mannelijke Kemphanen met vrouwelijk broedkleed: bestaat er een derde voortplantingsstrategie, de faar?”, in Limosa, volume 77, Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, page 3:
Linear dimensions (mm) of female, intermediate (fæder) and male Ruffs, respectively, all measured by Joop Jukema. The material on females and males was all collected during the spring migrations of 2002 and 2003. All birds, except one fæder of 1 year old, were adult.
2008, Yvonne I Verkuil, Joop Jukema, Jennifer A. Gill, Natalia Karlionova, Johannes Melter, Jos C E W Hooijmeijer, Theunis Piersma, “Non-breeding fæder Ruffs Philomachus pugnax associate according to sex, not morphology”, in Bird Study, volume 55, number 3, British Trust for Ornithology, →DOI, page 421:
The fraction of fæders was estimated in five morphometric data sets that were collected over four decades in four different countries in three different seasons (comprising 9133 Ruffs). The regression of fæder–female fractions was tested against the null model assuming that the number of fæders is 1.0% of females.
The survival costs to fæders linked to the use of sub-optimal habitats as a result of competition from their larger counterparts may be compensated by higher breeding success.
2014 October 21, Lucie Emilie Schmaltz, Cédric Juillet, Joost Marius Tinbergen, Yvonne Ingje Verkuil, Joslyn Corstiaan Elbert Wouter Hooijmeijer, Theunis Piersma, “Apparent annual survival of staging ruffs during a period of population decline: insights from sex and site-use related differences”, in Population Ecology, volume 57, Springer, published 2015, →DOI, section “Field methods and data collection”, page 615, column 1:
As females are a third smaller than males, most birds could easily be assigned a sex, while the fæders, female-mimicking males, were discriminated using wing length (Jukema and Piersma 2006).
2016, Clemens Küpper, “Ruff Shorebird, The”, in edited by Todd K. Shackelford and Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford, Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, Springer, →DOI, →ISBN:
Fæder males travel with females and, like Satellites, they are nonterritorial and nonagonistic.