feud

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See also: féud

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Inherited from Northern Middle English fede, feide, from Old French faide, feide, fede, from Proto-West Germanic *faihiþu (“hatred, enmity”) (corresponding to foe +‎ -th), from Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“hostile”).

Cognate to Old English fǣhþ, fǣhþu, fǣhþo (“hostility, enmity, violence, revenge, vendetta”), German Fehde, and Dutch vete (“feud”) (directly inherited from Proto-West Germanic) alongside Danish fejde (“feud, enmity, hostility, war”) and Swedish fejd (“feud, controversy, quarrel, strife”) (borrowed from Middle Low German).

Alternative forms

Noun

feud (plural feuds)

  1. A state of long-standing mutual hostility.
    You couldn't call it a feud exactly, but there had always been a chill between Phil Mickelson and Tiger Woods.
  2. (professional wrestling) A staged rivalry between wrestlers.
  3. (obsolete) A combination of kindred to avenge injuries or affronts, done or offered to any of their blood, on the offender and all his race.
Usage notes

The modern pronunciation /fjuːd/ has been described as "unexplained"[1] and "hard to account for";[2] the expected form would be fead, fede /fiːd/. Several explanations have been suggested for the change in pronunciation, but none has met with unanimous approval.

Possible explanations
  • Traditionally, the change was attributed to the influence of Etymology 2, but as noted by the OED, the influence of that word is improbable; forms indicating a pronunciation of the /fjuːd/ type first occur some 50 years before Etymology 2 is attested; even once it appears, it is a rare term of art. Furthermore, the influence of that word cannot account for Early Modern English forms like feood, feaud, and there is no obvious reason why one word would influence the other; any semantic connection is tenuous at best.[1]
  • Malone suggests that the modern pronunciation results from a misreading of fead as *feod, pointing out that such a spelling pronunciation could develop since the word was originally a literary borrowing from Northern English dialects and therefore "belonged to the written, and not the spoken, language".[2]
  • Dobson posits that Northern Middle English fede was reanalysed as a contraction of *fahede; on this model, a form *fahode was created by replacing the suffix -hede (“hood”) with its variant -hode. When this was borrowed into the Early Modern standard language, it would be pronounced /ˈfɛːhʊd/, which was then contracted to /fɛʊ̯d/. This would regularly yield /fjuːd/.[3]
  • Most accounts assume that fede cannot develop into feud without some kind of remodelling. However, it may be that in some dialects, fede would regularly yield a form that speakers of standard Early Modern English would approximate as feaud, feood, feud, fuide, etc. This initially seems improbable, but according to the Survey of English Dialects, many traditional dialects reflect Middle English /ɛː/ (as in fede /ˈfɛːd(ə)/) as a diphthong such as /ɛə/, /ɪʊ/ or /jʌ/ (e.g. Herefordshire beam /bjʊm/).[4][5]
Translations
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Translations to be checked

Verb

feud (third-person singular simple present feuds, present participle feuding, simple past and past participle feuded)

  1. (intransitive) To carry on a feud.
    The two men began to feud after one of them got a job promotion and the other thought he was more qualified.
Translations

Etymology 2

From Medieval Latin feudum. Doublet of fee and fief.

Alternative forms

Noun

feud (plural feuds)

  2. An estate granted to a vassal by a feudal lord in exchange for service.
Synonyms
Translations

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Feud, sb.1”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume IV (F–G), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 178, column 2.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kemp Malone (1939) “Notes and news”, in English Studies, volume 29, numbers 1-6, →DOI
  3. ^ E. J. Dobson (1956) “The Word Feud”, in The Review of English Studies, volume VII, number 25, →DOI, pages 52–54
  4. ^ Peter M. Anderson (1987) A structural atlas of the English dialects, Beckenham: Croom Helm, →ISBN, pages 65, 76, 119
  5. ^ Clive Upton, David Parry, J. D. A. Widdowson (1994) Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar, Psychology Press, →ISBN

Romanian

Noun

feud n (plural feude)

  1. Alternative form of feudă

Declension

Declension of feud
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) feud feudul (niște) feude feudele
genitive/dative (unui) feud feudului (unor) feude feudelor
vocative feudule feudelor

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Middle Irish fétaid (“be able, can”), from Old Irish ·éta, prototonic form of ad·cota (“obtain”).

Pronunciation

Verb

feud (defective)

  1. must, have to
    's fheudar gu bheil sin fìor ― that must be true
    b' fheudar dhomh falbh ― I had to leave

Usage notes

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