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1969, Rudolf Mathias Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume 1, Columbia University Press, page 527:
I know of no other genera with such intramarginal formation of true gemmae.
1990, Anthony John Edwin Smith, The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, page 2:
Gemmae are frequently longer than wide or of irregular shape. According to Degenkolbe, gemmae-bearing leaves are always different in form from normal leaves.
2005, R. N. Chopra, Biology of Bryophytes, page 32:
In Marchantia polymorpha, high temperature promotes germination of gemmae (Dacknowski, 1907), and heat absorbed by the gemmae accelerates their germination (Fitting, 1942).
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ-(“nail, tooth”), despite the semantic gap. Compare, however, Ancient Greek ὄνυξ(ónux, “claw, nail, hoof, talon, but also onyx (gem)”);
A non-Indo-European substrate source. The unusual form of the word, the lack of clear cognates and the semantic category of the word make this hypothesis likely.
→ Proto-West Germanic: *gimmu (see there for further descendants)
References
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gemma”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 257: “PIE *ǵeb-m-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*zębnǫti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 543
Further reading
“gemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“gemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
gemma in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
gemma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
the trees are budding: gemmae proveniunt
“gemma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
“gemma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
