già

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Italian

Etymology

From Latin iam (already, now), from Proto-Indo-European *yē (already), cognate with Old French ja (already). Related to Gothic 𐌾𐌰 (ja), 𐌾𐌰𐌹 (jai, yes), Old High German ja, jā (yes), Old English ġēa (yes). More at yea, yes.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈd͡ʒa/*, /ˈd͡ʒa/°
  • (file)
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Hyphenation: già

Adverb

già

  1. already, yet
    Synonyms: ormai, fin d'ora
  2. as early as
  3. former, ex-
    Synonym: ex-
    Via Montello (già Trento)
    Montello Street (formerly known as Trento Street)
    Mario Rossi, già ministro delle Finanze
    Mario Rossi, former Minister of Finance
  4. (informal) yes, yeah
  5. an expletive, a word that adds to the strength of a phrase without affecting its meaning and is usually left untranslated
    Non credo io già, che ve ne avrete a male.
    I do not think you will take offense.

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ già in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Further reading

  • già in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

Middle Vietnamese

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *k-raː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ ~ *(k)rah.

Attested in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651), a dictionary based chiefly on the Northern dialects.

The Middle Vietnamese form ancestral to the modern Southern Vietnamese form, although technically unattested, should be phonologically identical to the Northern Middle Vietnamese form here. The modern Southern form is listed as a "descendant" in this entry for convenience.

The modern North Central form tra is not a reflex of this form, but from an earlier from that underwent a separate development of the onset.

Adjective

già (𦓅, 𫅷)

  1. (living being) old
    ou᷄ giàold man
    giàold woman
    thân ou᷄ giàgiàdear old man and woman
    già cảvery old
    già nuavery old
    rủ rỉ già cảold and decrepit
    già lẩnsenile
    già mómold and toothless
    Càng già càng khôn.
    Wisdom increases with age.
    đến giàto reach old age, to approach old age
  2. overripe, mature
    blái giàoverripe fruit
    tle giàmature bamboo
    ngà giàmature ivory
    bạc giàold silver

Descendants

  • Northern Vietnamese: già
  • Southern Vietnamese: già

See also

References

Vietnamese

Alternative forms

  • (North Central Vietnam) tra

Etymology

From Middle Vietnamese già, from Proto-Vietic *k-raː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ ~ *(k)rah. Cognate with Muong khà, Tho kʰraː¹, Bahnar kră. Compare also Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects tra.

The standard written Vietnamese form is irregular (the expected form would be **sa), while the North Central form shows the shift from *k-r to *k-l observable in several other instances: compare sâu and trâu (caterpillar), sừng and trừng (horn). See giòi (maggot), giữa (middle) for other instances of mainstream Vietnamese ‹gi› from initial *k-r.

Pronunciation

Adjective

già (𦓅, 𫅷)

  1. (of lifeforms) old; compare (of objects)
    nhường bước người giàto make way for the elderly
    già thịt daiold chickens have leathery meat
    cây giàold tree
  2. having the characteristics of appearances of an old person although not that old
    mặt giàan old face (ie. with wrinkles)
    tìm một chị tiếng già để đóng vai bà lãoto search for a woman with an old voice to voice the role of an old woman (ie. someone whose voice sounds like an old person)
    lo nghĩ nhiều nên già trước tuổito worry too much and thus age too soon
  3. veteran, experienced, longtime
    thầy giàveteran teacher
    Cậu ta là bạn già của mình.He is my old friend.
    Chưa đến bốn mươi nhưng đã già tuổi Đảng.
    Not even 40 years old but already a Party veteran.
  4. overripe
    cau giàoverripe areca nut
    bầu giàoverripe gourd
  5. above average, more than normal
    nước nóng giàtoo-warm water
    dọa già dọa nonto scare someone and make them give in
    nước ô-xi giàhydrogen peroxide
  6. slightly excessive, over
    già một thướcover by one meter
    lấy già một đấuscoop just over one dou

Antonyms

See also

Derived terms

See also

Pronoun

già

  1. (literary or dialectal) I/me/you, a village/tribe elder or elderly person
    Cám ơn già.
    Thank you, elder.

Noun

già

  1. (familiar) elder, old person
  2. (card games) king

See also

Playing cards in Vietnamese · bài tây (layout · text)
át, heo, hai ba bốn năm sáu bảy
tám chín mười bồi đầm già phăng teo

References

Anagrams