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Irish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old Irish grád, but with /d̪ˠ/ restored under the influence of English and French grade; all of which are borrowed from Latin gradus.
Noun
grád m (genitive singular gráid, nominative plural gráid)
- grade; degree, class
- (nautical) rating
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
grád
- (dialectal) first-person singular present subjunctive of gráigh (“love”)
Mutation
Irish mutation
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Radical
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Lenition
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Eclipsis
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grád
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ghrád
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ngrád
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Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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Further reading
Old Irish
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *gʷrādus.
Noun
grád n (genitive gráda, nominative plural grád)
- love, affection, fondness, charity
Inflection
Neuter u-stem
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Singular
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Dual
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Plural
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Nominative
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grádN
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grádL
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grádL, gráda
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Vocative
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grádN
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grádL
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grád
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Accusative
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grádN
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grádL
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grád
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Genitive
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grádoH, grádaH
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grádoN, grádaN
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grádN
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Dative
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grádL
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grádaib
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grádaib
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Initial mutations of a following adjective:
- H = triggers aspiration
- L = triggers lenition
- N = triggers nasalization
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Descendants
Further reading
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Latin gradus.
Noun
grád n (genitive gráid, nominative plural gráid)
- grade, degree
- rank, order
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 28c7
ma chomalnit a ngrád ꝉ apud plebiles ma rud·choiscset a mmuintir- if they fulfill their orders or, among the plebiles, if they have corrected their household
- (Christianity) holy orders
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 29a28
Ní taibre grád for nech causa a pectha ꝉ a chaíngníma: ar biit alaili and ro·finnatar a pecthe resíu do·coí grád forru; alaili is íarum ro·finnatar. Berir dano fri láa brátha- You sg should not confer orders on anyone because of his sin or of his good deed: for there are some whose sins are known before their ordination, others whose are known afterwards. Reference is made, then, to the day of judgment.
- (literally, “…before orders shall go upon them…”)
Inflection
Neuter o-stem
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Singular
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Dual
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Plural
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Nominative
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grádN
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grádN
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grádL, gráda
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Vocative
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grádN
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grádN
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grádL, gráda
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Accusative
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grádN
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grádN
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grádL, gráda
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Genitive
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gráidL
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grád
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grádN
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Dative
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grádL
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grádaib
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grádaib
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Initial mutations of a following adjective:
- H = triggers aspiration
- L = triggers lenition
- N = triggers nasalization
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Further reading
Mutation
Old Irish mutation
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Radical |
Lenition |
Nasalization
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grád
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grád pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/
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ngrád
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Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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References