gwrthod

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Welsh

Etymology

From gwrth- (“contra-”) +‎ the stem of either dodi (“put, place”) or odi (“hurl”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɡʊrθɔd/
  • Audio:(file)

Verb

gwrthod (first-person singular present gwrthodaf)

  1. to refuse

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future gwrthodaf gwrthodi gwrthyd gwrthodwn gwrthodwch gwrthodant gwrthodir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/
conditional 		gwrthodwn gwrthodit gwrthodai gwrthodem gwrthodech gwrthodent gwrthodid
preterite gwrthodais gwrthodaist gwrthododd gwrthodasom gwrthodasoch gwrthodasant gwrthodwyd
pluperfect gwrthodaswn gwrthodasit gwrthodasai gwrthodasem gwrthodasech gwrthodasent gwrthodasid, gwrthodesid
present subjunctive gwrthodwyf gwrthodych gwrthodo gwrthodom gwrthodoch gwrthodont gwrthoder
imperative — gwrthoda gwrthoded gwrthodwn gwrthodwch gwrthodent gwrthoder
verbal noun gwrthod
verbal adjectives gwrthodedig
gwrthodadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future gwrthoda i, gwrthodaf i gwrthodi di gwrthodith o/e/hi, gwrthodiff e/hi gwrthodwn ni gwrthodwch chi gwrthodan nhw
conditional gwrthodwn i, gwrthodswn i gwrthodet ti, gwrthodset ti gwrthodai fo/fe/hi, gwrthodsai fo/fe/hi gwrthoden ni, gwrthodsen ni gwrthodech chi, gwrthodsech chi gwrthoden nhw, gwrthodsen nhw
preterite gwrthodais i, gwrthodes i gwrthodaist ti, gwrthodest ti gwrthododd o/e/hi gwrthodon ni gwrthodoch chi gwrthodon nhw
imperative — gwrthoda — — gwrthodwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Synonyms

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
gwrthod wrthod ngwrthod unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

  1. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwrthod”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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