hitilafu

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Swahili

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِخْتِلَاف (iḵtilāf).[1]

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Noun

hitilafu (n class, plural hitilafu)

  1. difference, discord
  2. discrepancy, defect, blemish

Verb

-hitilafu (infinitive kuhitilafu)

  1. to differentiate, differ, distinguish

Conjugation

Conjugation of -hitilafu
Positive present -nahitilafu
Subjunctive -hitilafu
Negative -hitilafu
Imperative singular hitilafu
Infinitives
Positive kuhitilafu
Negative kutohitilafu
Imperatives
Singular hitilafu
Plural hitilafuni
Tensed forms
Habitual huhitilafu
Positive past positive subject concord + -lihitilafu
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuhitilafu
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nahitilafu)
Singular Plural
1st person ninahitilafu/nahitilafu tunahitilafu
2nd person unahitilafu mnahitilafu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anahitilafu wanahitilafu
other classes positive subject concord + -nahitilafu
Negative present (negative subject concord + -hitilafu)
Singular Plural
1st person sihitilafu hatuhitilafu
2nd person huhitilafu hamhitilafu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hahitilafu hawahitilafu
other classes negative subject concord + -hitilafu
Positive future positive subject concord + -tahitilafu
Negative future negative subject concord + -tahitilafu
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -hitilafu)
Singular Plural
1st person nihitilafu tuhitilafu
2nd person uhitilafu mhitilafu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ahitilafu wahitilafu
other classes positive subject concord + -hitilafu
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sihitilafu
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngehitilafu
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singehitilafu
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalihitilafu
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalihitilafu
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ahitilafu)
Singular Plural
1st person nahitilafu twahitilafu
2nd person wahitilafu mwahitilafu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ahitilafu wahitilafu
m-mi(III/IV) wahitilafu yahitilafu
ji-ma(V/VI) lahitilafu yahitilafu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chahitilafu vyahitilafu
n(IX/X) yahitilafu zahitilafu
u(XI) wahitilafu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwahitilafu
pa(XVI) pahitilafu
mu(XVIII) mwahitilafu
Perfect positive subject concord + -mehitilafu
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshahitilafu
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jahitilafu
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kihitilafu
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipohitilafu
Consecutive kahitilafu / positive subject concord + -kahitilafu
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kahitilafu
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nihitilafu -tuhitilafu
2nd person -kuhitilafu -wahitilafu/-kuhitilafuni/-wahitilafuni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mhitilafu -wahitilafu
m-mi(III/IV) -uhitilafu -ihitilafu
ji-ma(V/VI) -lihitilafu -yahitilafu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kihitilafu -vihitilafu
n(IX/X) -ihitilafu -zihitilafu
u(XI) -uhitilafu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuhitilafu
pa(XVI) -pahitilafu
mu(XVIII) -muhitilafu
Reflexive -jihitilafu
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -hitilafu- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -hitilafuye -hitilafuo
m-mi(III/IV) -hitilafuo -hitilafuyo
ji-ma(V/VI) -hitilafulo -hitilafuyo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -hitilafucho -hitilafuvyo
n(IX/X) -hitilafuyo -hitilafuzo
u(XI) -hitilafuo see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -hitilafuko
pa(XVI) -hitilafupo
mu(XVIII) -hitilafumo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -hitilafu)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yehitilafu -ohitilafu
m-mi(III/IV) -ohitilafu -yohitilafu
ji-ma(V/VI) -lohitilafu -yohitilafu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chohitilafu -vyohitilafu
n(IX/X) -yohitilafu -zohitilafu
u(XI) -ohitilafu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kohitilafu
pa(XVI) -pohitilafu
mu(XVIII) -mohitilafu
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

References

  1. ^ Baldi, Sergio (2020 November 30) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94 No. 829
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