Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukuhlangana
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuhlangana
|
ukungahlangani
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
hlangana
|
-hlangane
|
Plural
|
hlanganani
|
-hlanganeni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyahlangana, ngihlangana
|
engihlanganayo, engihlangana
|
ngihlangana
|
angihlangani
|
engingahlangani
|
ngingahlangani
|
2nd singular
|
uyahlangana, uhlangana
|
ohlanganayo, ohlangana
|
uhlangana
|
awuhlangani
|
ongahlangani
|
ungahlangani
|
1st plural
|
siyahlangana, sihlangana
|
esihlanganayo, esihlangana
|
sihlangana
|
asihlangani
|
esingahlangani
|
singahlangani
|
2nd plural
|
niyahlangana, nihlangana
|
enihlanganayo, enihlangana
|
nihlangana
|
anihlangani
|
eningahlangani
|
ningahlangani
|
Class 1
|
uyahlangana, uhlangana
|
ohlanganayo, ohlangana
|
ehlangana
|
akahlangani
|
ongahlangani
|
engahlangani
|
Class 2
|
bayahlangana, bahlangana
|
abahlanganayo, abahlangana
|
behlangana
|
abahlangani
|
abangahlangani
|
bengahlangani
|
Class 3
|
uyahlangana, uhlangana
|
ohlanganayo, ohlangana
|
uhlangana
|
awuhlangani
|
ongahlangani
|
ungahlangani
|
Class 4
|
iyahlangana, ihlangana
|
ehlanganayo, ehlangana
|
ihlangana
|
ayihlangani
|
engahlangani
|
ingahlangani
|
Class 5
|
liyahlangana, lihlangana
|
elihlanganayo, elihlangana
|
lihlangana
|
alihlangani
|
elingahlangani
|
lingahlangani
|
Class 6
|
ayahlangana, ahlangana
|
ahlanganayo, ahlangana
|
ehlangana
|
awahlangani
|
angahlangani
|
engahlangani
|
Class 7
|
siyahlangana, sihlangana
|
esihlanganayo, esihlangana
|
sihlangana
|
asihlangani
|
esingahlangani
|
singahlangani
|
Class 8
|
ziyahlangana, zihlangana
|
ezihlanganayo, ezihlangana
|
zihlangana
|
azihlangani
|
ezingahlangani
|
zingahlangani
|
Class 9
|
iyahlangana, ihlangana
|
ehlanganayo, ehlangana
|
ihlangana
|
ayihlangani
|
engahlangani
|
ingahlangani
|
Class 10
|
ziyahlangana, zihlangana
|
ezihlanganayo, ezihlangana
|
zihlangana
|
azihlangani
|
ezingahlangani
|
zingahlangani
|
Class 11
|
luyahlangana, luhlangana
|
oluhlanganayo, oluhlangana
|
luhlangana
|
aluhlangani
|
olungahlangani
|
lungahlangani
|
Class 14
|
buyahlangana, buhlangana
|
obuhlanganayo, obuhlangana
|
buhlangana
|
abuhlangani
|
obungahlangani
|
bungahlangani
|
Class 15
|
kuyahlangana, kuhlangana
|
okuhlanganayo, okuhlangana
|
kuhlangana
|
akuhlangani
|
okungahlangani
|
kungahlangani
|
Class 17
|
kuyahlangana, kuhlangana
|
okuhlanganayo, okuhlangana
|
kuhlangana
|
akuhlangani
|
okungahlangani
|
kungahlangani
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngihlanganile, ngihlanganē
|
engihlanganile, engihlanganē
|
ngihlanganile, ngihlanganē
|
angihlangananga
|
engingahlangananga
|
ngingahlangananga
|
2nd singular
|
uhlanganile, uhlanganē
|
ohlanganile, ohlanganē
|
uhlanganile, uhlanganē
|
awuhlangananga
|
ongahlangananga
|
ungahlangananga
|
1st plural
|
sihlanganile, sihlanganē
|
esihlanganile, esihlanganē
|
sihlanganile, sihlanganē
|
asihlangananga
|
esingahlangananga
|
singahlangananga
|
2nd plural
|
nihlanganile, nihlanganē
|
enihlanganile, enihlanganē
|
nihlanganile, nihlanganē
|
anihlangananga
|
eningahlangananga
|
ningahlangananga
|
Class 1
|
uhlanganile, uhlanganē
|
ohlanganile, ohlanganē
|
ehlanganile, ehlanganē
|
akahlangananga
|
ongahlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
Class 2
|
bahlanganile, bahlanganē
|
abahlanganile, abahlanganē
|
behlanganile, behlanganē
|
abahlangananga
|
abangahlangananga
|
bengahlangananga
|
Class 3
|
uhlanganile, uhlanganē
|
ohlanganile, ohlanganē
|
uhlanganile, uhlanganē
|
awuhlangananga
|
ongahlangananga
|
ungahlangananga
|
Class 4
|
ihlanganile, ihlanganē
|
ehlanganile, ehlanganē
|
ihlanganile, ihlanganē
|
ayihlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
ingahlangananga
|
Class 5
|
lihlanganile, lihlanganē
|
elihlanganile, elihlanganē
|
lihlanganile, lihlanganē
|
alihlangananga
|
elingahlangananga
|
lingahlangananga
|
Class 6
|
ahlanganile, ahlanganē
|
ahlanganile, ahlanganē
|
ehlanganile, ehlanganē
|
awahlangananga
|
angahlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
Class 7
|
sihlanganile, sihlanganē
|
esihlanganile, esihlanganē
|
sihlanganile, sihlanganē
|
asihlangananga
|
esingahlangananga
|
singahlangananga
|
Class 8
|
zihlanganile, zihlanganē
|
ezihlanganile, ezihlanganē
|
zihlanganile, zihlanganē
|
azihlangananga
|
ezingahlangananga
|
zingahlangananga
|
Class 9
|
ihlanganile, ihlanganē
|
ehlanganile, ehlanganē
|
ihlanganile, ihlanganē
|
ayihlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
ingahlangananga
|
Class 10
|
zihlanganile, zihlanganē
|
ezihlanganile, ezihlanganē
|
zihlanganile, zihlanganē
|
azihlangananga
|
ezingahlangananga
|
zingahlangananga
|
Class 11
|
luhlanganile, luhlanganē
|
oluhlanganile, oluhlanganē
|
luhlanganile, luhlanganē
|
aluhlangananga
|
olungahlangananga
|
lungahlangananga
|
Class 14
|
buhlanganile, buhlanganē
|
obuhlanganile, obuhlanganē
|
buhlanganile, buhlanganē
|
abuhlangananga
|
obungahlangananga
|
bungahlangananga
|
Class 15
|
kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē
|
okuhlanganile, okuhlanganē
|
kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē
|
akuhlangananga
|
okungahlangananga
|
kungahlangananga
|
Class 17
|
kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē
|
okuhlanganile, okuhlanganē
|
kuhlanganile, kuhlanganē
|
akuhlangananga
|
okungahlangananga
|
kungahlangananga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāhlangana
|
engāhlangana
|
ngāhlangana
|
angihlangananga
|
engingahlangananga
|
ngingahlangananga
|
2nd singular
|
wāhlangana
|
owāhlangana
|
wāhlangana
|
awuhlangananga
|
ongahlangananga
|
ungahlangananga
|
1st plural
|
sāhlangana
|
esāhlangana
|
sāhlangana
|
asihlangananga
|
esingahlangananga
|
singahlangananga
|
2nd plural
|
nāhlangana
|
enāhlangana
|
nāhlangana
|
anihlangananga
|
eningahlangananga
|
ningahlangananga
|
Class 1
|
wāhlangana
|
owāhlangana
|
āhlangana
|
akahlangananga
|
ongahlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
Class 2
|
bāhlangana
|
abāhlangana
|
bāhlangana
|
abahlangananga
|
abangahlangananga
|
bengahlangananga
|
Class 3
|
wāhlangana
|
owāhlangana
|
wāhlangana
|
awuhlangananga
|
ongahlangananga
|
ungahlangananga
|
Class 4
|
yāhlangana
|
eyāhlangana
|
yāhlangana
|
ayihlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
ingahlangananga
|
Class 5
|
lāhlangana
|
elāhlangana
|
lāhlangana
|
alihlangananga
|
elingahlangananga
|
lingahlangananga
|
Class 6
|
āhlangana
|
āhlangana
|
āhlangana
|
awahlangananga
|
angahlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
Class 7
|
sāhlangana
|
esāhlangana
|
sāhlangana
|
asihlangananga
|
esingahlangananga
|
singahlangananga
|
Class 8
|
zāhlangana
|
ezāhlangana
|
zāhlangana
|
azihlangananga
|
ezingahlangananga
|
zingahlangananga
|
Class 9
|
yāhlangana
|
eyāhlangana
|
yāhlangana
|
ayihlangananga
|
engahlangananga
|
ingahlangananga
|
Class 10
|
zāhlangana
|
ezāhlangana
|
zāhlangana
|
azihlangananga
|
ezingahlangananga
|
zingahlangananga
|
Class 11
|
lwāhlangana
|
olwāhlangana
|
lwāhlangana
|
aluhlangananga
|
olungahlangananga
|
lungahlangananga
|
Class 14
|
bāhlangana
|
obāhlangana
|
bāhlangana
|
abuhlangananga
|
obungahlangananga
|
bungahlangananga
|
Class 15
|
kwāhlangana
|
okwāhlangana
|
kwāhlangana
|
akuhlangananga
|
okungahlangananga
|
kungahlangananga
|
Class 17
|
kwāhlangana
|
okwāhlangana
|
kwāhlangana
|
akuhlangananga
|
okungahlangananga
|
kungahlangananga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingahlangana
|
—
|
ngingahlangana
|
ngingehlangane
|
—
|
ngingehlangane
|
2nd singular
|
ungahlangana
|
—
|
ungahlangana
|
ungehlangane
|
—
|
ungehlangane
|
1st plural
|
singahlangana
|
—
|
singahlangana
|
singehlangane
|
—
|
singehlangane
|
2nd plural
|
ningahlangana
|
—
|
ningahlangana
|
ningehlangane
|
—
|
ningehlangane
|
Class 1
|
angahlangana
|
—
|
engahlangana
|
angehlangane
|
—
|
engehlangane
|
Class 2
|
bangahlangana
|
—
|
bengahlangana
|
bangehlangane
|
—
|
bengehlangane
|
Class 3
|
ungahlangana
|
—
|
ungahlangana
|
ungehlangane
|
—
|
ungehlangane
|
Class 4
|
ingahlangana
|
—
|
ingahlangana
|
ingehlangane
|
—
|
ingehlangane
|
Class 5
|
lingahlangana
|
—
|
lingahlangana
|
lingehlangane
|
—
|
lingehlangane
|
Class 6
|
angahlangana
|
—
|
engahlangana
|
angehlangane
|
—
|
engehlangane
|
Class 7
|
singahlangana
|
—
|
singahlangana
|
singehlangane
|
—
|
singehlangane
|
Class 8
|
zingahlangana
|
—
|
zingahlangana
|
zingehlangane
|
—
|
zingehlangane
|
Class 9
|
ingahlangana
|
—
|
ingahlangana
|
ingehlangane
|
—
|
ingehlangane
|
Class 10
|
zingahlangana
|
—
|
zingahlangana
|
zingehlangane
|
—
|
zingehlangane
|
Class 11
|
lungahlangana
|
—
|
lungahlangana
|
lungehlangane
|
—
|
lungehlangane
|
Class 14
|
bungahlangana
|
—
|
bungahlangana
|
bungehlangane
|
—
|
bungehlangane
|
Class 15
|
kungahlangana
|
—
|
kungahlangana
|
kungehlangane
|
—
|
kungehlangane
|
Class 17
|
kungahlangana
|
—
|
kungahlangana
|
kungehlangane
|
—
|
kungehlangane
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizohlangana
|
engizohlangana
|
ngizohlangana
|
angizuhlangana
|
engingezuhlangana
|
ngingezuhlangana
|
2nd singular
|
uzohlangana
|
ozohlangana
|
uzohlangana
|
awuzuhlangana
|
ongezuhlangana
|
ungezuhlangana
|
1st plural
|
sizohlangana
|
esizohlangana
|
sizohlangana
|
asizuhlangana
|
esingezuhlangana
|
singezuhlangana
|
2nd plural
|
nizohlangana
|
enizohlangana
|
nizohlangana
|
anizuhlangana
|
eningezuhlangana
|
ningezuhlangana
|
Class 1
|
uzohlangana
|
ozohlangana
|
ezohlangana
|
akazuhlangana
|
ongezuhlangana
|
engezuhlangana
|
Class 2
|
bazohlangana
|
abazohlangana
|
bezohlangana
|
abazuhlangana
|
abangezuhlangana
|
bengezuhlangana
|
Class 3
|
uzohlangana
|
ozohlangana
|
uzohlangana
|
awuzuhlangana
|
ongezuhlangana
|
ungezuhlangana
|
Class 4
|
izohlangana
|
ezohlangana
|
izohlangana
|
ayizuhlangana
|
engezuhlangana
|
ingezuhlangana
|
Class 5
|
lizohlangana
|
elizohlangana
|
lizohlangana
|
alizuhlangana
|
elingezuhlangana
|
lingezuhlangana
|
Class 6
|
azohlangana
|
azohlangana
|
ezohlangana
|
awazuhlangana
|
angezuhlangana
|
engezuhlangana
|
Class 7
|
sizohlangana
|
esizohlangana
|
sizohlangana
|
asizuhlangana
|
esingezuhlangana
|
singezuhlangana
|
Class 8
|
zizohlangana
|
ezizohlangana
|
zizohlangana
|
azizuhlangana
|
ezingezuhlangana
|
zingezuhlangana
|
Class 9
|
izohlangana
|
ezohlangana
|
izohlangana
|
ayizuhlangana
|
engezuhlangana
|
ingezuhlangana
|
Class 10
|
zizohlangana
|
ezizohlangana
|
zizohlangana
|
azizuhlangana
|
ezingezuhlangana
|
zingezuhlangana
|
Class 11
|
luzohlangana
|
oluzohlangana
|
luzohlangana
|
aluzuhlangana
|
olungezuhlangana
|
lungezuhlangana
|
Class 14
|
buzohlangana
|
obuzohlangana
|
buzohlangana
|
abuzuhlangana
|
obungezuhlangana
|
bungezuhlangana
|
Class 15
|
kuzohlangana
|
okuzohlangana
|
kuzohlangana
|
akuzuhlangana
|
okungezuhlangana
|
kungezuhlangana
|
Class 17
|
kuzohlangana
|
okuzohlangana
|
kuzohlangana
|
akuzuhlangana
|
okungezuhlangana
|
kungezuhlangana
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyohlangana
|
engiyohlangana
|
ngiyohlangana
|
angiyuhlangana
|
engingeyuhlangana
|
ngingeyuhlangana
|
2nd singular
|
uyohlangana
|
oyohlangana
|
uyohlangana
|
awuyuhlangana
|
ongeyuhlangana
|
ungeyuhlangana
|
1st plural
|
siyohlangana
|
esiyohlangana
|
siyohlangana
|
asiyuhlangana
|
esingeyuhlangana
|
singeyuhlangana
|
2nd plural
|
niyohlangana
|
eniyohlangana
|
niyohlangana
|
aniyuhlangana
|
eningeyuhlangana
|
ningeyuhlangana
|
Class 1
|
uyohlangana
|
oyohlangana
|
eyohlangana
|
akayuhlangana
|
ongeyuhlangana
|
engeyuhlangana
|
Class 2
|
bayohlangana
|
abayohlangana
|
beyohlangana
|
abayuhlangana
|
abangeyuhlangana
|
bengeyuhlangana
|
Class 3
|
uyohlangana
|
oyohlangana
|
uyohlangana
|
awuyuhlangana
|
ongeyuhlangana
|
ungeyuhlangana
|
Class 4
|
iyohlangana
|
eyohlangana
|
iyohlangana
|
ayiyuhlangana
|
engeyuhlangana
|
ingeyuhlangana
|
Class 5
|
liyohlangana
|
eliyohlangana
|
liyohlangana
|
aliyuhlangana
|
elingeyuhlangana
|
lingeyuhlangana
|
Class 6
|
ayohlangana
|
ayohlangana
|
eyohlangana
|
awayuhlangana
|
angeyuhlangana
|
engeyuhlangana
|
Class 7
|
siyohlangana
|
esiyohlangana
|
siyohlangana
|
asiyuhlangana
|
esingeyuhlangana
|
singeyuhlangana
|
Class 8
|
ziyohlangana
|
eziyohlangana
|
ziyohlangana
|
aziyuhlangana
|
ezingeyuhlangana
|
zingeyuhlangana
|
Class 9
|
iyohlangana
|
eyohlangana
|
iyohlangana
|
ayiyuhlangana
|
engeyuhlangana
|
ingeyuhlangana
|
Class 10
|
ziyohlangana
|
eziyohlangana
|
ziyohlangana
|
aziyuhlangana
|
ezingeyuhlangana
|
zingeyuhlangana
|
Class 11
|
luyohlangana
|
oluyohlangana
|
luyohlangana
|
aluyuhlangana
|
olungeyuhlangana
|
lungeyuhlangana
|
Class 14
|
buyohlangana
|
obuyohlangana
|
buyohlangana
|
abuyuhlangana
|
obungeyuhlangana
|
bungeyuhlangana
|
Class 15
|
kuyohlangana
|
okuyohlangana
|
kuyohlangana
|
akuyuhlangana
|
okungeyuhlangana
|
kungeyuhlangana
|
Class 17
|
kuyohlangana
|
okuyohlangana
|
kuyohlangana
|
akuyuhlangana
|
okungeyuhlangana
|
kungeyuhlangana
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngihlangane
|
ngingahlangani
|
2nd singular
|
uhlangane
|
ungahlangani
|
1st plural
|
sihlangane
|
singahlangani
|
2nd plural
|
nihlangane
|
ningahlangani
|
Class 1
|
ahlangane
|
angahlangani
|
Class 2
|
bahlangane
|
bangahlangani
|
Class 3
|
uhlangane
|
ungahlangani
|
Class 4
|
ihlangane
|
ingahlangani
|
Class 5
|
lihlangane
|
lingahlangani
|
Class 6
|
ahlangane
|
angahlangani
|
Class 7
|
sihlangane
|
singahlangani
|
Class 8
|
zihlangane
|
zingahlangani
|
Class 9
|
ihlangane
|
ingahlangani
|
Class 10
|
zihlangane
|
zingahlangani
|
Class 11
|
luhlangane
|
lungahlangani
|
Class 14
|
buhlangane
|
bungahlangani
|
Class 15
|
kuhlangane
|
kungahlangani
|
Class 17
|
kuhlangane
|
kungahlangani
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngahlangana
|
ngangahlangana, angahlangana, angangahlangana
|
2nd singular
|
wahlangana
|
wangahlangana, awahlangana, awangahlangana
|
1st plural
|
sahlangana
|
sangahlangana, asahlangana, asangahlangana
|
2nd plural
|
nahlangana
|
nangahlangana, anahlangana, anangahlangana
|
Class 1
|
wahlangana
|
wangahlangana, akahlangana, akangahlangana
|
Class 2
|
bahlangana
|
bangahlangana, abahlangana, abangahlangana
|
Class 3
|
wahlangana
|
wangahlangana, awahlangana, awangahlangana
|
Class 4
|
yahlangana
|
yangahlangana, ayahlangana, ayangahlangana
|
Class 5
|
lahlangana
|
langahlangana, alahlangana, alangahlangana
|
Class 6
|
ahlangana
|
angahlangana, awahlangana, awangahlangana
|
Class 7
|
sahlangana
|
sangahlangana, asahlangana, asangahlangana
|
Class 8
|
zahlangana
|
zangahlangana, azahlangana, azangahlangana
|
Class 9
|
yahlangana
|
yangahlangana, ayahlangana, ayangahlangana
|
Class 10
|
zahlangana
|
zangahlangana, azahlangana, azangahlangana
|
Class 11
|
lwahlangana
|
lwangahlangana, alwahlangana, alwangahlangana
|
Class 14
|
bahlangana
|
bangahlangana, abahlangana, abangahlangana
|
Class 15
|
kwahlangana
|
kwangahlangana, akwahlangana, akwangahlangana
|
Class 17
|
kwahlangana
|
kwangahlangana, akwahlangana, akwangahlangana
|