hukumu

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Swahili

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Etymology

From Arabic حُكْم (ḥukm) and its root.[1]

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Noun

hukumu class IX (plural hukumu class X)

  1. judgment, verdict

Verb

-hukumu (infinitive kuhukumu)

  1. to judge, to pass a judgment upon

Conjugation

Conjugation of -hukumu
Positive present -nahukumu
Subjunctive -hukumu
Negative -hukumu
Imperative singular hukumu
Infinitives
Positive kuhukumu
Negative kutohukumu
Imperatives
Singular hukumu
Plural hukumuni
Tensed forms
Habitual huhukumu
Positive past positive subject concord + -lihukumu
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuhukumu
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nahukumu)
Singular Plural
1st person ninahukumu/nahukumu tunahukumu
2nd person unahukumu mnahukumu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anahukumu wanahukumu
other classes positive subject concord + -nahukumu
Negative present (negative subject concord + -hukumu)
Singular Plural
1st person sihukumu hatuhukumu
2nd person huhukumu hamhukumu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hahukumu hawahukumu
other classes negative subject concord + -hukumu
Positive future positive subject concord + -tahukumu
Negative future negative subject concord + -tahukumu
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -hukumu)
Singular Plural
1st person nihukumu tuhukumu
2nd person uhukumu mhukumu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ahukumu wahukumu
other classes positive subject concord + -hukumu
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sihukumu
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngehukumu
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singehukumu
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalihukumu
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalihukumu
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ahukumu)
Singular Plural
1st person nahukumu twahukumu
2nd person wahukumu mwahukumu
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ahukumu wahukumu
m-mi(III/IV) wahukumu yahukumu
ji-ma(V/VI) lahukumu yahukumu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chahukumu vyahukumu
n(IX/X) yahukumu zahukumu
u(XI) wahukumu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwahukumu
pa(XVI) pahukumu
mu(XVIII) mwahukumu
Perfect positive subject concord + -mehukumu
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshahukumu
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jahukumu
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kihukumu
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipohukumu
Consecutive kahukumu / positive subject concord + -kahukumu
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kahukumu
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nihukumu -tuhukumu
2nd person -kuhukumu -wahukumu/-kuhukumuni/-wahukumuni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mhukumu -wahukumu
m-mi(III/IV) -uhukumu -ihukumu
ji-ma(V/VI) -lihukumu -yahukumu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kihukumu -vihukumu
n(IX/X) -ihukumu -zihukumu
u(XI) -uhukumu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuhukumu
pa(XVI) -pahukumu
mu(XVIII) -muhukumu
Reflexive -jihukumu
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -hukumu- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -hukumuye -hukumuo
m-mi(III/IV) -hukumuo -hukumuyo
ji-ma(V/VI) -hukumulo -hukumuyo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -hukumucho -hukumuvyo
n(IX/X) -hukumuyo -hukumuzo
u(XI) -hukumuo see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -hukumuko
pa(XVI) -hukumupo
mu(XVIII) -hukumumo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -hukumu)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yehukumu -ohukumu
m-mi(III/IV) -ohukumu -yohukumu
ji-ma(V/VI) -lohukumu -yohukumu
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chohukumu -vyohukumu
n(IX/X) -yohukumu -zohukumu
u(XI) -ohukumu see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kohukumu
pa(XVI) -pohukumu
mu(XVIII) -mohukumu
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

References

  1. ^ Baldi, Sergio (2020 November 30) Dictionary of Arabic Loanwords in the Languages of Central and East Africa (Handbuch der Orientalistik; Erste Abteilung: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten; 145), Leiden • Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78 Nr. 684
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