hull

English

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hull

Wikipedia

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hʌl/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʌl

Etymology 1

From Middle English hul, hulle, holle (“seed covering, hull of a ship”), from Old English hulu (“seed covering”), from Proto-Germanic *hul- (compare Dutch hul (“hood”), German Hülle, Hülse (“cover, veil”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”); or possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”) (compare Old Irish calad, calath (“hard”), Latin callus, callum (“rough skin”), Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to cool, harden”)). For the sense development, compare French coque (“nutshell; ship's hull”), Ancient Greek φάσηλος (phásēlos, “bean pod; yacht”).

Noun

hull (plural hulls)

1. The outer covering of a fruit or seed.

   Synonyms: peel, husk, shell

2. Any covering.

Derived terms

• rice hull

Translations

Verb

hull (third-person singular simple present hulls, present participle hulling, simple past and past participle hulled)

1. To remove the outer covering of a fruit or seed.

   Synonyms: peel, husk, shell, shuck

   She sat on the back porch hulling peanuts.

Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English holle, hoole (“hull, hold of a ship, ship”), of uncertain origin. Possibly a variant and special use of Etymology 1 above, conformed to hull. Alternatively, a variant of Middle English hole, hoole, holle (“hiding place, lair, den, shelter, compartment”, literally “hole, hollow”), related to Middle Dutch and Dutch hol (“hole, ship's cargo hold”). More at hole.

Noun

hull (plural hulls)

2. The body or frame of a vessel, such as a ship or plane.

   Synonym: (of a winged aircraft) fuselage

   • 1667, John Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, Quatrain 60, 1808, The Works of John Dryden, Volume 9, page 115,

     Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light, / And through the yielding planks a passage find.

3. (mathematics, geometry, of a set A) The smallest set that possesses a particular property (such as convexity) and contains every point of A; slightly more formally, the intersection of all sets which possess the specified property and of which A is a subset.

   The orthogonal convex hull of an orthogonal polygon is the smallest orthogonally convex polygon that encloses the original polygon.

   holomorphically convex hull; affine hull; injective hull

   Synonym: span

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

hull (third-person singular simple present hulls, present participle hulling, simple past and past participle hulled)

1. (obsolete, intransitive, nautical) To drift; to be carried by the impetus of wind or water on the ship's hull alone, with sails furled.
   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 1, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes , book II, London: Val Simmes for Edward Blount , →OCLC:

     We goe not, but we are carried: as things that flote, now gliding gently, now hulling violently, according as the water is, either stormy or calme.

   • 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies  (First Folio), London: Isaac Iaggard, and Ed Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, :

     […] Thus hulling in
     The wild sea of my conscience, I did steer
     Toward this remedy, whereupon we are
     Now present here together:

   • 1716, Thomas Browne, edited by Samuel Johnson, Christian Morals‎, 2nd edition, London: J. Payne, published 1756, Part I, p. 8:

     In this virtuous voyage of life hull not about like the ark, without the use of rudder, mast, or sail, and bound for no port.

2. (transitive) To hit (a ship) in the hull with cannon fire etc.
   • 1774, George Shelvocke, “The Voyage of Captain Shelvock Round the World”, in David Henry, editor, An Historical Account of All the Voyages Round the World, Performed by English Navigators‎, volume 2, London: F. Newbery, page 163:

     During this action, we had not a man killed or wounded, although the enemy often hulled us, and once, in particular, a shot coming into one of our ports, dismounted one of our guns between decks […]

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hullu. Cognate to Finnish hullu and Livonian ull.

Adjective

hull (genitive hullu, partitive hullu, comparative hullem, superlative kõige hullem)

1. crazy, mad

Declension

Hungarian

Alternative forms

• hullik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):
• Rhymes: -ulː

Verb

hull

1. (intransitive) to fall

   Hull a hó. ― It's snowing. (literally, “The snow is falling.”)

   térdre hull ― to fall on one's knees

2. (intransitive, of tears) to flow
3. (intransitive, of hair) to fall out
4. (intransitive) to die (in large quantities)

   Hullanak, mint a legyek. ― They are dying off like flies.

Usage notes

• The traditional form is without -ik, but the variant with -ik is spreading, especially in reference to hair.
• This verb is called a pseudo-ik verb, as its -ik ending presents itself only in the 3rd-person singular (indicative present) form, but it is not an -ik verb in any other aspect. As a result, it cannot take the -om/-em/-öm ending in the 1st-person singular (indicative present) form, even in the most erudite style, only -ok/-ek/-ök. Naturally, the optional -m ending cannot appear, either, in their subjunctive or conditional 1st-person singular forms, so only -jak/-jek and -nék is possible in these respective forms. These verbs include the following: bomlik, (el)bújik, (meg)érik, (le)folyik, (össze)gyűlik, hazudik, (le)hull(ik), (bele)/(oda)illik, (meg)jelenik, (el)kopik, (el)múlik, ömlik, (meg)születik, (meg)szűnik, (meg)telik, tojik, (el)törik, (el)/(fel)tűnik, (el)válik, and (el)züllik. (Ki)nyílik partially belongs here, as it cannot take the first-person -om ending but it can take the third-person -jék.

Conjugation

In archaic or literary style, the short forms (with no linking vowel) are (were) common in the past tense, as well as in the present-tense conditional (even if it is long otherwise):

Derived terms

(With verbal prefixes):

Further reading

• hull in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse hól, probably through Danish hul. Compare to English hole

Alternative forms

• hol

Noun

hull n (definite singular hullet, indefinite plural hull or huller, definite plural hulla or hullene)

1. a hole

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Verb

hull

1. imperative of hulle

See also

• hòl (Nynorsk)

References

• “hull” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Swedish

Noun

hull n

1. soft, superficial flesh (fat and muscle)

   Nypa någon i hullet

   Pinch someone's belly (for example)

   lägga på hullet

   get fatter ("lay on the flesh")

   fast/lös i hullet

   firm/loose in the flesh

Declension

Derived terms

• med hull och hår

References

• hull in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• hull in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• hull in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)