i-

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English

Etymology 1

From Middle English i-, y-, ȝe-, from Old English ġe-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱó-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (with, near, by, along). Cognate with Dutch ge-, Low German ge-, je-, e-, German ge-.

Prefix

i-

  1. (obsolete) Used to form past participles of verbs. Alternative spelling of y-.

Etymology 2

From Latin ī-, assimilated form of in- used before g-.

Prefix

i-

  1. A form of the prefix in-, used before gn, as in ignoble, ignominy, and ignore.
Synonyms

Etymology 3

Prefix

i-

  1. (Jamaica) Used to transform English words into words used by Rastafarians with a special meaning.

See also

Etymology 4

    From Internet. Popularized in the name of the iMac line of computers (1998).

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Pertaining to the Internet.
      Coordinate terms: cyber-, e-
    2. Pertaining to digital devices and computer programs, especially those that are cutting-edge or fashionable, and those from Apple.
      i- + ‎pod → ‎iPod
      i- + ‎phone → ‎iPhone
      i- + ‎Mac → ‎iMac
      • 1999 November 1, Melissa August, “Ad Infinitum”, in Time, volume 154, page 39:
        I-WHAT?! Seems everyone's ripping off the iMac idea. Take this parody ad for the fruity-colored “iBrator” at sleeplessknights.com.
      • 2011, Scotty Smith, Everyday Prayers: 365 Days to a Gospel-Centered Faith, Baker Books, →ISBN, page 178:
        In our “iWorld” of new gadgets and cool widgets, help us to ponder the reality that over half of the population on the earth exists on three of our American dollars, or less, a day.
    Coordinate terms
    • c- (computerized)
    • d- (digital)
    • e- (electronic)
    • i- (intelligent)
    Derived terms

    Etymology 5

    From intelligent

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Pertaining to computerized, electronic, digital, intelligent controls in products
    Coordinate terms
    • c- (computerized)
    • d- (digital)
    • e- (electronic)
    • i- (Internet)

    Chichewa

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 9 subject concord.

    Choctaw

    Pronunciation

    • (first-person, we): IPA(key): /iː/

    Prefix

    ī- (before vowels il-, class I first-person plural)

    1. the subject of an active transitive verb
      we
    2. the subject of an active intransitive verb
      we

    Inflection

    Curripaco

    Prefix

    i-

    1. second person plural agent marker

    References

    • Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398

    Esperanto

    Etymology

    The i vowel common to other correlatives, such as ki- and ti-, without the defining consonant.

    Pronunciation

    • Audio:(file)

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Any-, some-. (Indeterminate correlative prefix.)

    Derived terms

    Gabadi

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i-

    1. marks the first-person plural exclusive ("we, but not you") subject on a verb
      i- + ‎dibaia (to spear) → ‎idibaia (we (excl.) speared it)

    Derived terms

    Category Gabadi terms prefixed with i- not found

    References

    • Oa, Morea and Ma`oni Paul. (2014-02-24). Tentative Grammar Description for the Gabadi Language. . Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: SIL International. Available online: . For the prefix i-, see page 23, section "5.1.1 subject marking".

    Ibaloi

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Converts nouns into verbs: to + noun, and marks future tense
      • i- + baras (whip) → ibaras (to whip, will whip)
      • i- + Ivadoy (Ibaloi) → i-ivadoy (to speak Ibaloi, will speak in Ibaloi)
      • i- + ngaran (name) → ingaran (to name, to mention, will name, will mention)
    • manpa- (directional/benefactive)
    • pe- (causative)

    Italian

    Etymology

    Assimilated form of in-, before s- + consonant.

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i-

    1. alternative form of in-

    Japanese

    Romanization

    i-

    1. Rōmaji transcription of

    Japhug

    Etymology

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *i.

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i-

    1. (Kamnyu) our (plural possessive)

    Derived terms

    See also

    Japhug (Kamnyu) personal pronouns and possessive prefixes
    Number Person Possessive prefixes Free pronoun Genitive
    Singular 1st a- aʑo, aj aʑɯɣ
    2nd nɤ- nɤʑo, nɤj nɤʑɯɣ
    3rd ɯ- ɯʑo ɯʑɤɣ
    Dual 1st tɕi- tɕiʑo tɕiʑɤɣ
    2nd ndʑi- ndʑiʑo ndʑiʑɤɣ
    3rd ʑɤni ʑɤniɣɯ
    Plural 1st i- iʑo, iʑora, iʑɤra iʑɤɣ, iʑɤra ɣɯ
    2nd nɯ- nɯʑo, nɯʑora, nɯʑɤra nɯʑɤɣ, nɯʑɤra ɣɯ
    3rd ʑara ʑaraɣ, ʑara ɣɯ
    Generic tɯ- tɯʑo

    Kambera

    Pronoun

    i-

    1. alternative form of mi-

    See also

    Kambera pronominal clitics
    nominative genitive accusative dative
    singular first person ku- -nggu -ka -ngga
    second person mu- (u-) -mu -kau -nggau
    third person na- -na -ya -nya
    plural first
    person
    inclusive ta- -nda -ta -nda
    exclusive ma- -ma -kama -nggama
    second person mi- (i-) -mi -kami (-kai) -nggami (-nggai)
    third person da- -da -ha -nja

    Lakota

    Prefix

    i-

    1. marker for a noun relating to instruments and tools

    Synonyms

    Derived terms

    Latin

    Etymology

    Assimilated form of in-, before gn-.

    Prefix

    i-

    1. alternative form of in-

    Malagasy

    Prefix

    i-

    1. prefix element of i- -ana

    See also

    Middle English

    Prefix

    i-

    1. alternative form of y-

    Mohawk

    Prefix

    i-

    1. translocative, indicating motion away from the speaker
    2. epenthetic vowel added to certain verb forms
    3. alternative form of ka- (before o- and on-stems)

    References

    • Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 11
    • Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, pages 105, 173

    Northern Ndebele

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. they; class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    Contracted from earlier ili-, from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 5 noun prefix; form of ili- used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Etymology 3

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

    Etymology 4

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

    Old English

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz.

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    ī-

    1. same, selfsame
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i-

    1. alternative form of ġe-

    Phuthi

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. they; class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 9 noun prefix.

    Etymology 3

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

    Etymology 4

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

    Portuguese

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Allomorph of in-, used before l, m, and n.

    Southern Ndebele

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. they; class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

    Spanish

    Prefix

    i-

    1. alternative form of in-, used before l

    Swahili

    Other scripts
    Ajami اِيْـ, اِـ

    Etymology

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́- and Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i-

    1. it, they; mi class(IV)/n class(IX) subject concord
      • 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi, translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 12:
        هُيُوِ دُنِيَ اِيْنَ غُرُرِ ، دِيَ زَتَتَسِ هُزَدَمَيِْ،
        Huyui dunia ina ghururi? ndia za-tatasi huzandamaye?
        This world is deceitful, why follow its ways?
      • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:
        Ilikuwa kiasi cha saa moja-unusu ya usiku 
        It was about half past seven in the night 
    2. verb-initial form of -i- (it, them; mi class(IV)/n class(IX) object concord)

    See also

    Swahili verbal concords (third person)
    class subject concord object concord relative
    affirmative negative
    m(I) a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- -ye
    wa(II) wa- hawa- -wa- -o
    m(III) u- hau- -u- -o
    mi(IV) i- hai- -i- -yo
    ji(V) li- hali- -li- -lo
    ma(VI) ya- haya- -ya- -yo
    ki(VII) ki- haki- -ki- -cho
    vi(VIII) vi- havi- -vi- -vyo
    n(IX) i- hai- -i- -yo
    n(X) zi- hazi- -zi- -zo
    u(XI) u- hau- -u- -o
    ku(XV/XVII) ku- haku- -ku- -ko
    pa(XVI) pa- hapa- -pa- -po
    mu(XVIII) m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -mu- -mo

    For a full table including first and second person,
    see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

    Swazi

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. they; class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

    Tagalog

    Etymology

    From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *i-.

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i- (Baybayin spelling )

    1. benefactive trigger: to perform the action of the verb for someone or something (expresses various kinds of actions)
      i- + ‎bili (buy) → ‎ibili (to buy something for someone)
      Ibili mo ako ng saging.
      Buy me bananas.
    2. object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing (expresses various kinds of actions)
      i- + ‎tapon (throw) → ‎itapon (to throw)
      Itapon mo iyan sa basurahan.
      Throw that to the garbage.
    3. instrumental trigger: to use something for a certain purpose (expresses various kinds of actions)
      i- + ‎sulat (write) → ‎isulat (to use something for writing)
      Isulat mo ng listahan ang lapis.
      Use the pencil to write a list.

    Derived terms

    Further reading

    Taos

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i-

    1. (transitive) First person plural subject + third person singular object.
    2. (transitive) Second person singular subject + third person inverse number object.
    3. (transitive) Third person singular subject + third person inverse number object.
    4. (transitive) Third person plural subject + third person singular object.
    5. (formative) Third person plural subject.

    Ternate

    Pronoun

    i- (Jawi إ-)

    1. (non-human) third-person singular clitic, it
    2. (human) third-person plural clitic, they
    3. (masculine) third-person singular possessive prefix, his
      Synonym: ai-

    See also

    Ternate personal pronouns
    independent subject proclitic possessive
    informal formal
    singular 1st person ngori fangarem, fajaruf to ri
    2nd person ngana ngoni, jou ngoni no ni
    3rd person unam, minaf om, mof, inh im, mif, manh
    plural 1st person inclusive ngone fo na, nga
    1st person exclusive ngomi fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif,
    fara ngomi1
    mi mi, mia
    2nd person ngoni ni na, nia
    3rd person anah, enanh ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † nah, ngah, manh
    • unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
    • m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
    • 1 - for mixed-gender groups
    • † - archaic

    References

    • Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
    • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

    Tocharian A

    Etymology

    From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (to move). Compare Tocharian B i-.

    Verb

    i-

    1. to go

    Tocharian B

    Etymology

    From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, whence also Tocharian A i-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (to move). Cognate with Latin and Polish iść, both of the same meaning. The preterite form of this term, mäs-, is from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (to move), and as such the term is suppletive in conjugation.

    Verb

    i-

    1. to go

    Derived terms

    Further reading

    • Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “i-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 65-66

    West Makian

    Pronunciation

    Pronoun

    i-

    1. third-person singular clitic, he, she, it
      icohe sees
      pala ne ilamothis house is large

    Xhosa

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. they; class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    Prefix

    i-

    1. Class 5 noun prefix; form of ili- used before stems of more than one syllable.

    Etymology 3

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    i- (medial yi-)

    1. he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

    Ye'kwana

    Variant orthographies
    ALIV i-
    Brazilian standard i-
    New Tribes i-

    Pronunciation

    Prefix

    i-

    1. (Caura River dialect) allomorph of y- (third-person prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants
    2. (Cunucunuma River dialect) allomorph of dh- (third-person prefix) used for non-deictic stems that begin with a consonant
    3. forms part of the circumfix allomorphs of various adverbializers, i- -jai, i- -'da, and i- -emje, used for stems that begin with two consonants

    Inflection

    Yoruba

    Etymology 1

    Alternative forms

    Pronunciation

    IPA(key): /ì/

    Prefix

    ì-

    1. abstract or instrument nominalizing prefix
    Usage notes

    Forms both abstract and concrete nouns:

    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    Alternative forms

    Pronunciation

    IPA(key): /ī/

    Prefix

    i-

    1. non-gerundive nominalizing prefix
    Derived terms

    Zulu

    Etymology 1

    From Proto-Bantu *gɪ́-.

    Prefix

    í- (medial yí-)

    1. they; class 4 subject concord.

    Etymology 2

    Contracted from earlier íli-, from Proto-Bantu *dɪ́-, plus augment. Originally the pronominal and verbal concord, it displaced the older Bantu noun prefix *ì-. The tone was lowered by analogy with other noun prefixes.

    Prefix

    î-

    1. Class 5 noun prefix.

    Etymology 3

    Prefix

    í-

    1. Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with l, m or n.

    Etymology 4

    From Proto-Bantu *jɪ́-.

    Prefix

    í- (medial yí-)

    1. he, she, it; class 9 subject concord.

    References