il
From Proto-Mayan *il- Compare with Achi ilonik
il
Cyrillic | ил | |
---|---|---|
Abjad | ایل |
From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).
Audio | (file) |
il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)
Declension of il | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | il |
illər | ||||||
definite accusative | ili |
illəri | ||||||
dative | ilə |
illərə | ||||||
locative | ildə |
illərdə | ||||||
ablative | ildən |
illərdən | ||||||
definite genitive | ilin |
illərin |
il
il c
il
From Proto-Mayan *il-.
il
il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)
f8 | Singular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | il | ilin | iljar | iljarnar |
Accusative | il | ilina | iljar | iljarnar |
Dative | il | ilini | iljum | iljunum |
Genitive | iljar | iljarinnar | ilja | iljanna |
Inherited from Middle French il, from Old French il, from Vulgar Latin *illī, which is derived from Classical Latin ille.
audio | (file) |
il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | moi | |
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | toi | ||
Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | lui | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||
Gender neutral5 | iel | lea | ellui | |||
Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | ||
Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | soi4 | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | nous | |
Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | vous2 | ||
Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | eux | |
Feminine | elles | elles | ||||
Gender neutral5 | iels | elleux |
Friulian Definite Articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | il l' |
i |
feminine | la l' |
lis |
From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.
il m sg (plural i)
il
From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.
il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)
il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Possessive | Nominative | Possessive | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
First person | me | mea | mei | ni | nia | nii | |
Second person | Formal | vu | vua | vui | vi | via | vii |
Familiar | tu | tua | tui | ||||
Third person | Masculine | ilu, il | ilua | ilui | ili | ilia | ilii |
Feminine | elu, el | elua | elui | eli | elia | elii | |
Neuter | olu, ol | olua | olui | oli | olia | olii | |
Common | lu | lua | lui | li | lia | lii | |
Reflexive | su | sua | sui | su | sua | sui | |
Indefinite | onu, on | onua | onui | onu, on | onua | onui | |
Notes | |||||||
The possessive plurals are seldom used. | |||||||
The shortened forms are preferred. | |||||||
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios. |
il
Optional.
From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
il | n-il | hil | not applicable |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
From earlier *ille, *elle, from Latin illum (and illud), ultimately from ille. The final vowel fell by apocope, and the /e/ (< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to /i/ in Tuscan, compare in, di, ri-, mi. The form el is found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.
Patota claims this to be from the older form lo (from the same source), via an intermediate form l. The initial i would be a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.
Italian Definite Articles | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
masculine | il lo/l' |
i gli |
feminine | la/l' | le |
il m sg (plural i)
From Old French il.
il m
il f or m (definite singular ila or ilen, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)
From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.
il f (definite singular ila, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)
Historical inflection of il
Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard. Forms in were official, but considered second-tier. Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen. 1Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century. Like il, see also fet and hes. |
From Latin ille (masculine nominative).
il m sg (feminine ele)
From Vulgar Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of Latin ille.
il m pl (feminine eles)
From Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).
il (equative lir, comparative lia)
As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
il | unchanged | n-il |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).
il f (genitive iljar, plural iljar)
“il”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Oromo ija, Sidamo ille and Jiiddu el.
il
From ila (“to hurry”).
il c
Declension of il | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | il | ilen | ilar | ilarna |
Genitive | ils | ilens | ilars | ilarnas |
From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.
il (definite accusative ili, plural iller)
Inflection | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | il | |
Definite accusative | ili | |
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | il | iller |
Definite accusative | ili | illeri |
Dative | ile | illere |
Locative | ilde | illerde |
Ablative | ilden | illerden |
Genitive | ilin | illerin |
il
il (transitive)
singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
imperfective | kin wilik | ka wilik | ku yilik | k ilik | ka wilikeʼex | ku yilikoʼob |
perfective | tin wilaj | ta wilaj | tu yilaj | t k ilaj | ta wilajeʼex | tu yilajoʼob |
subjunctive | ka in wilej | ka a wilej | ka u yilej | ka k ilej | ka a wileʼex | ka u yiloʼob |
imperative | - | ilej | - | - | ileʼex | - |