im-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "im"

English

Etymology 1

From Latin im-, assimilated form of in- used before b-/p-/m-.

Prefix

im-

Expressing negation; not.

Usage notes

Widely used in borrowings (from French and Latin). Somewhat productive (appended as prefix to existing English words).

Synonyms

(not): a-, an-, dys-, i-/il-/in-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with im-

Etymology 2

From em-, from Old French em-. Also from later Middle French im-, partly by confusion with im- of Latin origin (on which see above).

Prefix

im-

Alternative form of the prefix em-, itself variant of en-.

Usage notes

Both used in borrowings (from French and Latin), and productive (appended as prefix to existing English words), as in imbed, imbitter, imbody, imbosom, imbower, imbrown; and similarly impark.

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with im-

References

^ Skeat, Walter W. (1882) An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford.

Anagrams

MI, mi, mi.

Catalan

Prefix

im-

Form used before a root beginning with the letter b, m, or p of in-
‎im- + ‎perdible → ‎imperdible

Choctaw

Prefix

im- (before consonants i̱-, class III third-person)

the indirect object of an active transitive verb
to him, her, it or them; for him, her, it or them
the subject of an intransitive affective verb
he, she, it or they
the direct object of a small set of transitive verbs mostly dealing with affect, communication and intimacy
him, her, it or them
indicates possession of a noun
his, her, its or their

hattak imofi
the man's dog

Inflection

Choctaw Person Markers


			class I			class II		class III		class N		imperative
			+s	+C	+V	+C/i	+a/o	+C	+V	+C	+V	+C	+V
first-person	singular	initial	-li			sa-	si-	a̱-	am-	ak-		n/a
	singular	medial	-li			sa-	si-	-sa-	-sam-	ak-
	paucal		ī-		il-	pi-		pi̱-	pim-	kī-	kil-
	plural		ī-		il-	hapi-		hapi̱-	hapim-	kī-	kil-
second-person	singular		is-	ish-		chi-		chi̱-	chim-	chik-		∅
second-person	plural		has-	hash-		hachi-		hachi̱-	hachim-	hachik-		ho-	oh-
third-person			∅			∅		i̱-	im-	ik-

East Central German

Etymology

Compare German -um, English um-, Dutch om-, Swedish om-, Icelandic um-.

Prefix

im-

(Erzgebirgisch) round, round about
(Erzgebirgisch) repeatedly, over again, re-
(Erzgebirgisch) in another way
(Erzgebirgisch) to the ground, down, over

Derived terms

French

Etymology

From Latin in (“without”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛ̃/ (always before a b or p, sometimes before a mm)
IPA^(key): /im/ (sometimes before a m)
Audio (file)

Prefix

im-

a form of the prefix in-, used before b, m and p

Derived terms

French terms prefixed with im-

Anagrams

mi-

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish imm-, from Proto-Celtic *ambi-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi.

Prefix

im- (lenites except with m; becomes iom- before broad m)

about, around, peri-

Prefix

im- (intensive particle; lenites except with m; becomes iom- before broad consonant or vowel)

great, very

Derived terms

Irish terms prefixed with im-

References

Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “im-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Italian

Etymology

Assimilated form of in-, before b-/p-/m-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /im/
Hyphenation: im-

Prefix

im-

Alternative form of in-

Anagrams

-mi, MI, mi

Latin

Etymology

Assimilated form of in-, before b-/p-/m-.

Prefix

im-

Alternative form of in-

Northern Ndebele

Prefix

im-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

Northern Ohlone

Alternative forms

em- (before syllables with open vowels)

Etymology

Compare Southern Ohlone men-.

Pronoun

im-

you, thou (second-person, singular, subject proclitic pronoun)

Pronoun

im-

your, thy (second-person, singular, possessive pronoun)

References

María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎, Unpublished

Ojibwe

Prefix

im-

Alternative form of nim-

Polish

Etymology

Derived from Latin im-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /im/
Rhymes: -im
Syllabification: im

Prefix

im-

im-, en-
‎im- + ‎moralizm → ‎immoralizm

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with im-

Portuguese

Prefix

im-

a form of the prefix in-, used before b and p

Spanish

Prefix

im-

a form of the prefix in-, used before b and p

Swazi

Prefix

im-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

Xhosa

Prefix

im-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

Zulu

Prefix

ím-

Class 9 noun prefix; form of in- used before stems beginning with a labial consonant.

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “im-, in-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “im-, in-”

[1] Skeat, Walter W. (1882) An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford.

Number	Person	Subject			Object			Possesive
Number	Person	Disjunctive¹	Proclitic	Enclitic	Disjunctive¹	Proclitic	Enclitic	Possesive
Singular	First	kaana	ek-	-ek, -k	kiš, kaaniš	kiš-	-kiš	ek-, kaanak
	Second	meene	em-, im-	-em, -im, -m	miš	emiš-, imiš-, miš-	-miš	em-, meenem
	Third	waaka	Ø-²	-Ø²	wiš	Ø-², eš-	-Ø², -eš	i-, waakai-
Plural	First	makkin	mak-	-mak	makkiš, makkinše	—	—	mak-, makkinmak
	Second	makkam	kam-	-kam	makkamše	—	—	kam-, makkam
	Third	waakamak	ya-	-ya	yaṭiš	—	—	ya-, waakamak
¹Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). ²Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

	stem begins with...	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Consonants	p t k h ch m n s sh w y	ni-	gi-	o-
	d g ' j z zh	nin-
	b	nim-
Vowels	o	nindo-	gido-	odo-
	a aa e i	nind-	gid-	od-
	oo	n-	g-	od-
	ii	n-	g-	w-

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