instrumentāl
Instrumental case is a term used by some authors (including Viitso). Its suffix (-ks) is cognate with Estonian (-ks) and Finnish (-ksi) translative case endings (which is one of its functions in Livonian) with which a comitative function (Estonian affix -ga) has been syncretized. To avoid calling it "translative/comitative" it is called "instrumental" for short.
| singular (ikšlug) | plural (pǟgiņlug) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (nominatīv) | instrumentāl | – |
| genitive (genitīv) | instrumentāl | – |
| partitive (partitīv) | instrumentālõ | – |
| dative (datīv) | instrumentālõn | – |
| instrumental (instrumentāl) | instrumentālõks | – |
| illative (illatīv) | instrumentālõ | – |
| inessive (inesīv) | instrumentāls instrumentālõs |
– |
| elative (elatīv) | instrumentālst instrumentālõst |
– |