ir

Alemannic German

Etymology

From Old High German ir, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a variant of *jūz.

Pronunciation

• (Zurich) IPA^(key): /ir/

Pronoun

ir

1. you (plural)

Declension

Aragonese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre.

Verb

ir

1. go

Chuukese

Pronoun

ir

1. them

Related terms

Danish

Danish Wikipedia has an article on:

ir

Wikipedia ^da

Etymology

Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it: Old Danish eer (“copper”), Old Norse eir, from Proto-Germanic *aiz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): ,

Noun

ir c (singular definite irren, not used in plural form)

1. verdigris

Elfdalian

Verb

ir

1. singular present of wårå

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese ir, from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fun, past participle ido)
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fum or fui, past participle ido, reintegrationist norm)

1. to go
2. to work, function, run

   —Vai ou non vai? —Non vai.

   Does that work or does it not work? No, it doesn't work.

Conjugation

Derived terms

• ir fóra

See also

• saír

References

• “ir” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
• “ir” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
• “ir” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
• “ir” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin īre, active present infinitive of eō; which its conjugation also influenced by French aller (present indicatives vais, vas, va, and vont all from Latin vadō).

Verb

ir

1. to go

Conjugation

Antonyms

• venir

Kaera

Etymology

From Proto-Alor–Pantar *jira.

Noun

ir

1. water

References

• Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, in The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
• Marian Klamer, One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) and Kaera (2014, in Schapper)
• Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar, Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1

Latgalian

Etymology

Shortened form of irā, from Proto-Baltic *irā. Akin to Latvian ir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/
• Hyphenation: ir

Verb

ir

1. third-person indicative present of byut

Usage notes

• ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, while irā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.

References

• Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 48

Latin

Alternative forms

• hir

Etymology

Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír).

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ir/,
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ir/,

Noun

ir n sg (indeclinable, no genitive)

1. (rare, anatomy) hand

Declension

Not declined; used only in the nominative and accusative singular, singular only.

Synonyms

• (hand): manus

References

• “ir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ir in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Latvian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Baltic *irā (cf. dialectal, archaic forms irād, iraid, irāg, and also Lithuanian yrà, which existed alongside *esti (cf. Old Church Slavonic єстъ (estŭ), Russian есть (jestʹ), Lithuanian dialectal ẽsti, Old Prussian ast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing *esti. In Sudovian, also the first person form irm (“I am”) is derived from this stem. The origin of Proto-Baltic *irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf. Lithuanian aurè (“look!”)), the particle and conjunction ir (“both... and...”), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the Proto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending *-r with a later -ā-extension.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Verb

ir

1. (he, she, it) is; third-person singular present indicative of būt
2. (they) are; third-person plural present indicative of būt
3. (with the particle lai) let (him, her, it) be; third-person singular imperative of būt
4. (with the particle lai) let them be; third-person plural imperative of būt

Etymology 2

From Proto-Baltic *ir, from the reduced grade *h₂r̥ of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“so, then; question particle”) (whence also Latvian ar (“with”); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (“and”), Old Prussian ir (“also”), er (“(along) with”), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ', ῥά (ára, ár', rhá, “so, then, therefore”).

Conjunction

ir

2. additive conjunction used to join several similar sentence elements, indicating their similar nature: both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...

   gribējas ir smieties, ir raudāt ― one wanted both to laugh and to cry

   nāca ir jaunie, ir vecie ― both the young and the old came

   tolaik ir tēvs, ir māte bija miruši ― at that time, both the father and the mother had died

   tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būt ir jautra, ir nopietna ― that was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to be both cheerful and serious

   nakts kā jau nakts: ir mēness spīd, ir tālē rūsa plaiksnī ― the night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shines and also in the distance silent lightning flashes

Synonyms

• kā ... tā ...
• gan ... gan ...

Particle

ir

1. used to mark connection and emphasis, reinforcement; syn. arī

   Ludis nolēca lielā dubļu pančkā un tur ir palika, ratiem pakaļ skatīdamies ― Ludis jumped into a big mud puddle and there also he stayed, looking ahead at the cart

   Dūdums pateica: “man vēl laika diezgan”, un pārliecināt viņu par piegādes normu nodošanu pirms termiņa tā ir neizdevās — Dūdums said: “I still have enough time,” and also, so it was impossible to convince him about the rules for delivery before the deadline

2. used to mark emphasis, to reinforce; syn. pat: really, even

   tas viņam ir prātā nenāk ― that doesn't even come to his mind

   krūmos ir pa naktīm guļot, pilsētā viņš parādoties reti ― really sleeping at night in the bushes, he appeared rarely in the city

Synonyms

• arī
• pat

References

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir (“and, also”), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (“and, even”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (“thus, so”); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, “so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (“fit together”), see artì (“near”) for more.

Proto-Slavic *i (“and, even”) is probably not related.

Conjunction

ir̃

1. (coordinating, cumulative) and, too
2. (coordinating, illative) and, so

   Bùvo gražùs óras, ir̃ mẽs nùtarėme keliáuti. - the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.

3. (coordinating, correlative) both … and …

Particle

ir̃

1. (emphatic) even, and

   Mán ir̃ tõ nepavỹko padarýt! - I didn't even manage that!

2. (emphatic) exactly, just, precisely

   Jìs ir̃ yrà tàs žmogùs, apiẽ kùrį kal̃bame. - It's him that we're talking about

3. (interrogative) and, so

   Nà, ir̃ kàs! - So what!

Related terms

• ar
• irgi
• ir kas

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz. Compare German ihr.

Pronoun

ir

1. ye, you (plural) (only in Southeastern texts)

Further reading

ir - instituut voor de Nederlandse taal

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

ir

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Pronoun

ir

1. Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ir

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Middle High German

Etymology

From Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/

Pronoun

ir

1. you: nominative plural of du

Descendants

• Alemannic German: ir
• Bavarian:
  • Cimbrian: iar, iart
  • Mòcheno: ir
• Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
  • Hunsrik: deer
  • Luxembourgish: dir
• German: ihr
• Rhine Franconian:
  • Pennsylvania German: dihr
• Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr)

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German ir, from Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz. Cognate with German ihr, English ye.

Pronoun

ir

1. you (plural)

Inflection

References

• “ir” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Old High German

Alternative forms

• ier, er, aer, gi

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronoun

ir

1. you (second-person plural pronoun)
2. (polite) you (second-person singular pronoun)
   • late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:

     Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
     thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
     Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:

     I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
     so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
     if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
     (quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

Usage notes

Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern German Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.

Inflection

Descendants

• Middle High German: ir
  • Alemannic German: ir
  • Bavarian:
    • Cimbrian: iar, iart
    • Mòcheno: ir
  • Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
    • Hunsrik: deer
    • Luxembourgish: dir
  • German: ihr
  • Rhine Franconian:
    • Pennsylvania German: dihr
  • Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr)

References

1. Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

• ī, ᛁᚱ

Etymology

From Old East Norse *īʀ (compare West Norse ér), from Proto-Germanic *jīz, variant of *jūz.

Pronoun

īr

1. you (plural)

Declension

Descendants

• Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)

Old Welsh

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Celtic *sindos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ir/

Article

ir

1. (definite article) the
   • 9th c., Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:

     ir pimphet eterin

     the fifth bird

Descendants

• Middle Welsh: y, yr, 'r
  • Welsh: y, yr, 'r

Portuguese

Alternative forms

• hir (obsolete)
• yr (obsolete)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Pronunciation

• Homophone: i, e (with -r dropping)
• Hyphenation: ir

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

2. (intransitive, or transitive with para or a or em or até) to go (to move to a destination)

   Vamos a pé?

   Do we go on foot?

   Eles foram ao centro comercial.

   They went to the shopping centre.

   Queríamos ir para casa.

   We wanted to go home.

4. (auxiliary, with an infinitive) will; to be going to; forms the future tense

   Vou comprar um sapato.

   I will buy a shoe.

   Nós não íamos fazer nada.

   We weren’t going to do anything.

6. (auxiliary, with a gerund) to keep on; to go on; ~ on; forms the continuative aspect

   A água vai escorrendo até acabar.

   The water keeps on leaking until it is all gone.

8. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to go; to leave; to depart

   Os homens já se foram todos.

   All the men have left already.

10. (intransitive, or transitive with para or em or a) to attend; to go to (to be present in an event)

    Sinto muito, não poderei ir à sua festa.

    I’m sorry, I won’t be able to go to your party.

12. (transitive with até) to go on until; to last to

    A batalha foi até as duas da manhã.

    The battle went on until two AM.

14. (intransitive, or transitive with em) to do; to fare (to have a good or bad result)

    Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.

    I did very bad in nearly all the tests.

16. (intransitive) to be doing (formula used in greetings)

    “Como vai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”

    “How are you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”

18. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to be gone (depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)

    Porcaria! Minha TV se foi.

    Damn it! My TV is gone.

20. (euphemistic, takes a reflexive pronoun) to leave us; to depart (to die)

    Uma oração para os que já se foram.

    A prayer for those who have already left us.

22. (intransitive) to go (to begin an action or process)

    Um, dois, três, vai!

    One, two, three, go!

    O sinal verde ainda não foi!

    The green light still didn’t light up.

    Vamos!

    Get on with it!

24. (transitive with com) to match; to go with (to form a good combination with)

    Este casaco não vai bem com os sapatos.

    This jacket doesn't go well with the shoes.

26. (transitive with com) to like or tolerate someone or something

    Parece que ninguém vai comigo.

    It seems nobody likes me.

28. (transitive with por) to follow (to take into account when making choices)

    Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.

    Follow reason, not feelings.

    Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livro indo pelo tato.

    If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book by following your sense of touch.

    Vai por mim.

    Trust me.

29. (transitive with de) to range from (to encompass values between two given extremes)

    As perguntas iam do fácil ao difícil.

    The questions ranged from easy to difficult.

31. (poker, intransitive) to call (to match the amount of chips in the pot)
    • 2012, Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, in Diálogos Impossíveis, Editora Objetiva, →ISBN, page 29:

      Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Não vou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"

      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

32. (reflexive) to depart; to leave

    Synonyms: ir embora, sair

33. (reflexive, euphemistic) to pass away; to depart; to die

    Synonyms: falecer, morrer

Usage notes

The use of auxiliary ir with lexical ir (e.g. Eu vou ir para casa “I'm going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A single ir (Eu vou para casa, even though this also means the present “I'm going home”) or the future tense form (Eu irei para casa, which is rather formal) can be used instead.

Usually used in the preterite and with the pronoun preceding the verb:

Ele se foi.

He departed.

Elas se foram.

They departed.

Conjugation

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ir.

Synonyms

• (go): andar
• (leave): partir

Romansch

Alternative forms

• eir (Surmiran)

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding conjugations of vādere, and those beginning with /m/ presumably from meāre.

Verb

ir

1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Puter, Vallader) go

Conjugation

Scots

Verb

ir

1. (South Scots) Second-person simple present form of to be
2. (South Scots) Plural simple present form of to be

See also

• im
• is

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/
• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: ir

Verb

ir (first-person singular present voy, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)

   Nos gusta ir al cine.

   We like to go to the movies.

2. (intransitive) to come (towards or with the listener)

   Quiero ir contigo.

   I want to come with you.

   Iré a tu casa.

   I'll come to your house.

3. (auxiliary) to be going to (near future), to go (+ a + infinitive)

   Voy a decirle la verdad.

   I am going to tell her the truth.

4. (reflexive) to go away, to leave, to depart, to go (when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else)

   Synonyms: andarse, marcharse

   Lo siento. Tengo que irme.

   I'm sorry. I have to leave.

   Él se va a salvar al mundo otra vez.

   He's off to save the world again.

5. (reflexive) to leak out (with liquids and gasses), to boil away, to go flat (gas in drinks)
6. (reflexive) to overflow
7. (reflexive) to go out (lights)
8. (reflexive) to finish, to wear out, to disappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
9. (reflexive) to die
10. (reflexive, informal) to break wind, to fart
11. (reflexive, informal) to wet/soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
12. (reflexive, vulgar) to come, to cum, to ejaculate, to orgasm

Usage notes

• The basic meaning "go" applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion: walk, ride, sail, fly, etc.
• The voseo imperative of ir is typically replaced by the imperative of andar, which has the form andá, though the form i is sometimes used as well.

Conjugation

Derived terms

See also

• andar
• caminar
• ser (common preterite verb forms)
• marchar

References

Further reading

• “ir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Sumerian

Romanization

ir

1. Romanization of 𒅕 (ir)

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *ir (compare Cornish yr), from Proto-Celtic *ɸūros (compare Irish úr), from Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (“to be clean, pure”). Doublet of pur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iːr/
• Rhymes: -iːr

Adjective

ir (feminine singular ir, plural irion, equative ired, comparative irach, superlative iraf)

1. raw, unprocessed
2. fresh, succulent

Mutation

References

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ir”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yapese

Pronoun

ir

1. Third-person singular pronoun; he, she, it