ir

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Alemannic German

Etymology

From Old High German ir, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a variant of *jūz.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ir

  1. you (plural)

Declension

Aragonese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre.

Verb

ir

  1. go

Chuukese

Pronoun

ir

  1. them

Danish

Danish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia da

Etymology

Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it: Old Danish eer (copper), Old Norse eir, from Proto-Germanic *aiz.

Pronunciation

Noun

ir c (singular definite irren, not used in plural form)

  1. verdigris

Elfdalian

Verb

ir

  1. singular present of wårå

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese ir, from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fun, past participle ido)
ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fum or fui, past participle ido, reintegrationist norm)

  1. to go (to move to a destination)
    A Maruxa vai na casaMaruxa went home.
  2. (auxiliary) will; to be going to; forms the future tense
    A Maruxa vai marcharMaruxa is going to depart.
  3. (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart
    A Maruxa foise.Maruxa went away.
  4. to work, function, run
    Vai ou non vai? —Non vai.
    Does that work or does it not work? No, it doesn't work.

Conjugation

Derived terms

See also

References

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin īre, active present infinitive of ; which its conjugation also influenced by French aller (present indicatives vais, vas, va, and vont all from Latin vadō).

Verb

ir

  1. to go

Conjugation

Antonyms

Kaera

Etymology

From Proto-Alor–Pantar *jira.

Noun

ir

  1. water

References

  • Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, in The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
  • Marian Klamer, One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) and Kaera (2014, in Schapper)
  • Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar, Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1

Ladino

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish ir (to go), from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.[1]

Verb

ir (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling איר)[2]

  1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)
    Ey senyor, voy a esnoga.
    Hi mister, I'm going to the synagogue.
  2. (said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)
    Este vestido no te va.This outfit doesn't suit you.
  3. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on; carry on; continue
    va kaminando
    it continues
  4. (auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense
    Le vo dizir.I am going to tell him.
  5. (intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's
    No vayamos mas leshos.Let's go no further.

References

  1. ^ Joan Coromines, José A Pascual (1983–1991) “ir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. ^ http://folkmasa.org/milon/yachad2.php?mishtane=ir

Latgalian

Etymology

Shortened form of irā, from Proto-Baltic *irā. Akin to Latvian ir.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ir/
  • Hyphenation: ir

Verb

ir

  1. third-person indicative present of byut

Usage notes

  • ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, while irā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.

References

  • Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 48

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

Cognate with Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír).

Pronunciation

Noun

ir n sg (indeclinable, no genitive)

  1. (rare, anatomy) hand

Declension

Not declined; used only in the nominative and accusative singular, singular only.

singular
nominative ir
genitive
dative
accusative ir
ablative
vocative

Synonyms

References

  • ir”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • ir in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Latvian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Baltic *irā (cf. dialectal, archaic forms irād, iraid, irāg, and also Lithuanian yrà, which existed alongside *esti (cf. Old Church Slavonic єстъ (estŭ), Russian есть (jestʹ), Lithuanian dialectal ẽsti, Old Prussian ast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing *esti. In Sudovian, also the first person form irm (I am) is derived from this stem. The origin of Proto-Baltic *irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf. Lithuanian aurè (look!)), the particle and conjunction ir (both... and...), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the Proto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending *-r with a later -extension.[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

ir

  1. (he, she, it) is; third-person singular present indicative of būt
  2. (they) are; third-person plural present indicative of būt
  3. (with the particle lai) let (him, her, it) be; third-person singular imperative of būt
  4. (with the particle lai) let them be; third-person plural imperative of būt

Etymology 2

From Proto-Baltic *ir, from the reduced grade *h₂r̥ of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (so, then; question particle) (whence also Latvian ar (with); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare Lithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century on ir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include Lithuanian ir̃ (and), Old Prussian ir (also), er ((along) with), Ancient Greek ἄρα, ἄρ', ῥά (ára, ár', rhá, so, then, therefore).[1]

Conjunction

ir

  1. additive conjunction used to join several similar sentence elements, indicating their similar nature: both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...
    gribējas ir smieties, ir raudātone wanted both to laugh and to cry
    nāca ir jaunie, ir vecieboth the young and the old came
    tolaik ir tēvs, ir māte bija mirušiat that time, both the father and the mother had died
    tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būt ir jautra, ir nopietnathat was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to be both cheerful and serious
    nakts kā jau nakts: ir mēness spīd, ir tālē rūsa plaiksnīthe night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shines and also in the distance silent lightning flashes
Synonyms

Particle

ir

  1. used to mark connection and emphasis, reinforcement; syn. arī
    Ludis nolēca lielā dubļu pančkā un tur ir palika, ratiem pakaļ skatīdamiesLudis jumped into a big mud puddle and there also he stayed, looking ahead at the cart
    Dūdums pateica: “man vēl laika diezgan”, un pārliecināt viņu par piegādes normu nodošanu pirms termiņa tā ir neizdevās — Dūdums said: “I still have enough time,” and also, so it was impossible to convince him about the rules for delivery before the deadline
  2. used to mark emphasis, to reinforce; syn. pat: really, even
    tas viņam ir prātā nenākthat doesn't even come to his mind
    krūmos ir pa naktīm guļot, pilsētā viņš parādoties retireally sleeping at night in the bushes, he appeared rarely in the city
Synonyms

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “ir”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ir (and, also), compare Latvian ir, Old Prussian ir (and, even), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥- (thus, so); compare Ancient Greek ἄρα (ára, so, then, consequently). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to *h₂er- (fit together), see artì (near) for more.

Proto-Slavic *i (and, even) is probably not related.

Conjunction

ir̃

  1. (coordinating, cumulative) and, too
  2. (coordinating, illative) and, so
    Bùvo gražùs óras, ir̃ mẽs nùtarėme keliáuti. - the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.
  3. (coordinating, correlative) bothand

Particle

ir̃

  1. (emphatic) even, and
    Mán ir̃ nepavỹko padarýt! - I didn't even manage that!
  2. (emphatic) exactly, just, precisely
    Jìs ir̃ yrà tàs žmogùs, apiẽ kùrį kal̃bame. - It's him that we're talking about
  3. (interrogative) and, so
    , ir̃ kàs! - So what!

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz. Compare German ihr.

Pronoun

ir

  1. ye, you (plural) (only in Southeastern texts)

Further reading

ir - instituut voor de Nederlandse taal

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

ir

  1. Alternative form of hire (her)

Pronoun

ir

  1. Alternative form of hire (hers)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ir

  1. Alternative form of hire (her)

Middle High German

Etymology

From Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ir

  1. you: nominative plural of du

Descendants

  • Alemannic German: ir
  • Bavarian:
  • Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
  • German: ihr
  • Rhine Franconian:
    • Pennsylvania German: dihr
  • Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr)Daytshmerish

Mòcheno

Etymology

From Middle High German ir, from Old High German ir, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz. Cognate with German ihr, English ye.

Pronoun

ir

  1. you (plural)

Inflection

Personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du ir
3rd person er, si, s sei

References

Old High German

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronoun

ir

  1. you (second-person plural pronoun)
  2. (polite) you (second-person singular pronoun)
    • late 9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:
      Lékza ih therara búachi / iu sentu in suábo richi,
      thaz ir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
      Oba ir hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:
      I send to you in Swabia the selection of books,
      so that you can decide above all if it will be useful;
      if you find here something that is worthy of being read.
      (quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

Usage notes

Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern German Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.

Inflection

Old High German personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
Singular First ih
(ihha, ihcha)
mīn mir mih
Second dīn dir dih
Third Masculine er (her) (sīn) imu, imo inan, in
Feminine siu; , si ira (iru, iro) iru, iro sia
Neuter iz es, is imu, imo iz
Plural First wir unsēr uns unsih
Second ir iuwēr iu iuwih
Third Masculine sie iro im, in sie
Feminine sio iro im, in sio
Neuter siu iro im, in siu
Polite form Second   ir iuwēr iu iuwih

Descendants

References

  1. Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old East Norse *īʀ (compare West Norse ér), from Proto-Germanic *jīz, variant of *jūz.

Pronoun

īr

  1. you (plural)

Declension

Descendants

  • Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)

Old Welsh

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Celtic *sindos.

Pronunciation

Article

ir

  1. (definite article) the
    • 9th c., Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:
      ir pimphet eterin
      the fifth bird

Descendants

Portuguese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.

Pronunciation

 
 

Verb

ir (first-person singular present vou, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

  1. to go (to move to a destination)
    Vamos a pé?
    Do we go on foot?
    Eles foram ao centro comercial.
    They went to the shopping centre.
    Queríamos ir para casa.
    We wanted to go home.
  2. (auxiliary) will; to be going to; forms the future tense
    Vou comprar um sapato.
    I will buy a shoe.
    Nós não íamos fazer nada.
    We weren’t going to do anything.
  3. (auxiliary) to keep on; to go on; ~ on; forms the continuative aspect
    A água vai escorrendo até acabar.
    The water keeps on leaking until it is all gone.
  4. (pronominal) to go; to leave; to depart
    Os homens já se foram todos.
    All the men have left already.
  5. to attend; to go to (to be present in an event)
    Sinto muito, não poderei ir à sua festa.
    I’m sorry, I won’t be able to go to your party.
  6. (intransitive) to go on until; to last to
    A batalha foi até as duas da manhã.
    The battle went on until two AM.
  7. to do; to fare (to have a good or bad result)
    Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.
    I did very bad in nearly all the tests.
  8. (intransitive) to be doing; formula used in greetings
    “Como vai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”
    “How are you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”
  9. (pronominal) to be gone, be on the blink, on the fritz (depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)
    Porcaria! Minha TV se foi.
    Damn it! My TV is gone.
  10. (euphemistic, pronominal) to leave (to die); to depart (to die)
    Uma oração para os que já se foram.
    A prayer for those who have already left us.
  11. (intransitive) to go (to begin an action or process)
    Um, dois, três, vai!
    One, two, three, go!
    O sinal verde ainda não foi!
    The green light still didn’t light up.
    Vamos!
    Get on with it!
  12. (intransitive) to match; to go with (to form a good combination with)
    Este casaco não vai bem com os sapatos.
    This jacket doesn't go well with the shoes.
  13. (intransitive) to like or tolerate
    Parece que ninguém vai comigo.
    It seems nobody likes me.
  14. (intransitive) to follow (to take into account when making choices)
    Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.
    Follow reason, not feelings.
    Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livro indo pelo tato.
    If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book by following your sense of touch.
    Vai por mim.
    Trust me.
  15. (intransitive) to range (to encompass values between two given extremes)
    As perguntas iam do fácil ao difícil.
    The questions ranged from easy to difficult.
  16. (poker, intransitive) to call (to match the amount of chips in the pot)
    • 2012, Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, in Diálogos Impossíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva, →ISBN, page 29:
      Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Não vou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  17. (reflexive) to depart; to leave
    Synonyms: ir embora, sair
  18. (reflexive, euphemistic) to pass away; to depart; to die
    Synonyms: falecer, morrer

Usage notes

The use of auxiliary ir with lexical ir (e.g. Eu vou ir para casa “I'm going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A single ir (Eu vou para casa, even though this also means the present “I'm going home”) or the future tense form (Eu irei para casa, which is rather formal) can be used instead.

Usually used in the preterite and with the pronoun preceding the verb:

Ele se foi.
He departed.
Elas se foram.
They departed.

Conjugation

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ir.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Romansch

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding conjugations of vādere, and those beginning with /m/ presumably from meāre.

Verb

ir

  1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Puter, Vallader) go

Conjugation

Scots

Verb

ir

  1. (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of to be
  2. (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of to be

See also

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin īre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin vādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of Latin esse.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈiɾ/
  • Rhymes: -iɾ
  • Syllabification: ir

Verb

ir (first-person singular present voy, first-person singular preterite fui, past participle ido)

  1. (intransitive) to go (away from speaker and listener)
    Nos gusta ir al cine.We like to go to the movies.
  2. (said of things or people, intransitive) to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well (of clothing)
    Una blusa negra no le va a esa falda.A black blouse doesn't suit that skirt.
  3. (intransitive) to head towards or lead to a place away from the speaker
    Este camino va a la aldea.This road leads to the village
  4. (said of a thing, intransitive) to extend in time or space, from one point to another
    Esta red va de un lado del campo al otro.
    this net extends from one side of the field to the other
    El evento va de las 9 de la mañana hasta las 5 de la tarde.
    The event extends from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
  5. (intransitive, card games) to play
    Juan estaba seguro de su mano, así que decidió ir con todo.
    Juan was confident in his hand, so he decided to go all in.
    Si no estás seguro de tu baraja, es mejor no ir en esta ronda.
    If you're not confident about your deck, it's better not to play this round
  6. (intransitive) to approach or consider (something) from a specific angle, or to direct attention towards a particular goal
    Si por honestidad va, ¿qué cosa más honesta que la virtud? Ahora va de veras.
    If it's about honesty, what could be more honest than virtue? Now I am serious.
    ir en serio — ir de veras — ir de verdad
    be serious about something, make a real attempt at something
  7. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; to go on, to carry on
    Voy caminando.
    I go on walking
  8. (preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive) an action or process is beginning to occur or unfold; to grow (dark), get (cloudy)
    Va anocheziendo.It starts to get dark
  9. (colloquial, commonly paired with pues, intransitive) used ironically with certain adjectives or passive participles
    Pues ya vas tu preparado para el exámen!.
    Well, you're ready for the exam! (implying that you are not prepared at all for the exam)
  10. (auxiliary)
    1. used with the past participle of transitive verbs to indicate undergoing the action of the verb
      Ella va atormentada.
      She goes tormented (the fact of her being in a state of torment which isn't self imposed, she undergoes externally imposed torment)
    2. used with the past participle of reflexive verbs to indicate being in a state caused by the verb
      Ir arrepentido.Being remorseful
      Ir apresurado.Being in a hurry
      Él va enojado.He is angry
    3. (auxiliary) to be going to; used to convey the near future tense
      Voy a decirle la verdad.I am going to tell her the truth.
  11. (intransitive, said of a thing, especially a sum of money) to be staked or bet in a dispute or competition (only used in the third-person singular present indicative form van to entice someone to engage in a bet)
    Van cinco euros a que gana el MadridI bet five euros that Madrid will win the match
  12. (intransitive) used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action; let's
    Vamos a trabajar. Let's get working
  13. (intransitive, imperfective only) to habitually happen on a specific day or occasion; to habitually go
    En verano, vamos a la playa.In summer, we go to the beach.
  14. (intransitive) used to describe the manner in which someone behaves or acts under specific conditions
    ir con cuidadoto be careful (literally, “to go with carefulness”)
  15. (intransitive) indicates an inclination towards a particular profession or career path, especially one that is perceived in other people based on their current skills or personality
    Este niño va para médico.This child will become a doctor (perceived by the speaker).
  16. (intransitive) indicates the pursuit of a particular career or vocation
    Ella va por la música.She is pursuing a career in music
  17. (intransitive) to go fetch
    Voy por leche al supermercado.I'm going to the supermarket to get milk.
  18. (intransitive, of an element of a language) indicates adherence to a specific linguistic pattern or rules, like conjugation
    Esa palabra solo va en plural.That word is only used in the plural.
  19. (intransitive) to come (towards or with the listener)
    Quiero ir contigo.
    I want to come with you.
    Iré a tu casa.
    I'll come to your house.
  20. (reflexive) to go away, to leave, to depart, to go (when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else)
    Synonyms: andarse, marcharse
    Lo siento. Tengo que irme.
    I'm sorry. I have to leave.
    Él se va a salvar al mundo otra vez.
    He's off to save the world again.
  21. (reflexive) to leak out (with liquids and gasses), to boil away, to go flat (gas in drinks)
  22. (reflexive) to overflow
  23. (reflexive) to go out (lights)
  24. (reflexive) to finish, to wear out, to disappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
  25. (reflexive) to die
  26. (reflexive, informal) to break wind, to fart
  27. (reflexive, informal) to wet/soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
  28. (reflexive, vulgar) to come, to cum, to ejaculate, to orgasm

Usage notes

  • ir is similar to estar in many senses.
    • Estar + gerund expresses the fact that the action of the verb is happening on the immediate present, with no inherent sense of past or future movement through time or space. It's the standard and more common expression.
    • "Ella está cantando" (She is singing) could imply:
      • Current Action (She is singing right now)
      • Continuous State (She is currently engaged in an event where she regularly sings, but might not be doing so at the moment)
      • (now (dated) or (formal)): Habitual action "she sings in the morning every day"
    • ir + gerund expresses a kind of iterative or durative aspect. It emphasizes that the action involves movement or change over time, particularly along a longer process or journey, one that will usually be continued into the future. It is less common in casual speech and is mostly found in formal or literary works.
    • "Ella va cantando" (She goes on singing) could imply:
      • She is moving and singing, either simultaneously or independently (She could move, stop to sing, and then continue moving). Either moving and singing with no defined direction through different locations (She goes around singing wherever she is) or along a specified path.
      • The continuous and habitual nature and development of the action over the past, present and often future (She sings little by little and improves over time) Emphasizes progression and the gradual unfolding of a habitual action.
  • The basic meaning "go" applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion: walk, ride, sail, fly, etc.

Conjugation

  • In contemporary Spanish, the first-person plural affirmative imperative form of ir is usually vamos; the alternative form vayamos, while not proscribed by the Royal Spanish Academy, is used almost exclusively in literary language and otherwise considered archaic. However, vayamos remains in use for the (first-person plural) present subjunctive and negative imperative forms (the use of vamos in these cases is nonstandard). This makes ir the only Spanish verb for which the two first-person plural imperative forms (i.e., the affirmative and the negative) are not identical.
  • The verb does not have a standardised voseo form in the second-person singular imperative – instead, the imperative of andar (which has the form andá) is usually used in its place by voseo speakers.[2] The form i is sometimes used as well, though this is considered nonstandard.
  • It is also the only verb in Spanish in which the verb-final -d is not fully elided when the affirmative imperative vosotros form is combined with the pronominal suffix os. The correct form for id+os is either idos or iros; the more predictable form íos (analogous to such forms in other -ir verbs) had been in use in the past, but is viewed as nonstandard today.
  • In the preterite indicative and the imperfect and future subjunctive, the conjugation of ir is identical to that of ser ("to be"). Thus, for example, yo fui can mean either "I went" or "I was", depending on context.

Derived terms

See also

References

  1. ^ Joan Coromines, José A Pascual (1983–1991) “ir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. ^ “Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), 2015 October 9 (last accessed)

Further reading

Sumerian

Romanization

ir

  1. Romanization of 𒅕 (ir)

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *ir (compare Cornish yr), from Proto-Celtic *ɸūros (compare Irish úr), from Proto-Indo-European *puHrós, from Proto-Indo-European *pewH- (to be clean, pure). Doublet of pur.

Pronunciation

Adjective

ir (feminine singular ir, plural irion, equative ired, comparative irach, superlative iraf)

  1. raw, unprocessed
  2. fresh, succulent

Mutation

Mutated forms of ir
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
ir unchanged unchanged hir

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ir”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yapese

Pronoun

ir

  1. Third-person singular pronoun; he, she, it