język

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See also: jezyk, jězyk, ježyk, jeżyk, and Jeżyk

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ. First attested in c. 1301–1350.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /jæ̃zɨk/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /jæ̃zɨk/

Noun

język m ?

  1. tongue (flexible muscular organ in the mouth that is used to move food around, for tasting and that is moved into various positions to modify the flow of air from the lungs in order to produce different sounds in speech)
    • 1915 [End of the 15th century], Jan Łoś, editor, Przegląd językowych zabytków staropolskich do r. 1543, page 536:
      Na thym drzewye grzeschne zwyeschano, y[e]dny za nogy, ... a pyathe za yazyky
      [Na tym drzewie grzeszne zwieszano, j[e]dny za nogy, ... a piąte za języki]
    • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 75v:
      Lingua ein zung yązyk
      [Lingua ein zung język]
  2. (figuratively) tongue; speech (means of communication)
    • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter]‎, Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 5, 11:
      Grob otworzoni iest gich gardlo, iøzikmi swimi (linguis suis) lszywe sø czinili
      [Grob otworzony jest jich gardło, językmi swymi (linguis suis) łżywie są czynili]
  3. language (body of words, and set of methods of combining them (called a grammar), understood by a community and used as a form of communication)
  4. nation, tribe
  5. tongue (any long object resembling a tongue, particularly of a scale for weighing)
    • 1908 [c. 1500], Bolesław Erzepki, editor, Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego. I. Glosy polskie wpisane do łacińsko-niemieckiego słownika drukowanego w roku 1490, page 25:
      Yązyk v vagy scrutinia id est lingua libre
      [Język u wagi scrutinia id est lingua libre]
    • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 122r:
      Scrutinia id est lingua libre eyner wage zunge yązyk v vagy
      [Scrutinia id est lingua libre eyner wage zunge język u wagi]
  6. bay, gulf
    • 1901 [1471], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 32:
      Yąnzykowy lingua (initium eius, sc. sortis, a summitate maris salsissimi et a lingua eius, sc. maris, quae respicit meridiem Jos 15, 2)
      [Językowi lingua (initium eius, sc. sortis, a summitate maris salsissimi et a lingua eius, sc. maris, quae respicit meridiem Jos 15, 2)]
  7. mouse-ear hawkweed (Pilosella officinarum)
    • 1900 [1419], Józef Rostafiński, editor, Symbola ad historiam naturalem medii aevi = Średniowieczna historya naturalna w Polsce. Ps 2, number 5257:
      Høssorovi yøszik pilosella
      [Hąsiorowy język pilosella]

Derived terms

adjectives
nouns

Descendants

  • Masurian: jénzÿk
  • Polish: język
  • Silesian: jynzyk

References

Polish

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.

Pronunciation

Noun

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

  1. tongue (flexible muscular organ in the mouth that is used to move food around, for tasting and that is moved into various positions to modify the flow of air from the lungs in order to produce different sounds in speech; generally a human's but also sometimes an animal's)
    Synonym: ozór
  2. (by extension) tongue (anything long resembling a tongue)
    1. tongue (long flap of a shoe)
    2. (obsolete) part of a plow
    3. (obsolete) shape of tied handkerchief resembling a tongue
    4. (Middle Polish, figuratively) flame (visible part of fire)
      Synonym: płomień
    5. (Middle Polish) uvula
      Synonym: języczek
    6. (Middle Polish) bay, gulf
      Synonym: zatoka
  3. language, tongue (body of words, and set of methods of combining them (called a grammar), understood by a community and used as a form of communication)
    Synonym: mowa
  4. language (subject teaching a manner of speech in education)
  5. language (sublanguage: the slang of a particular community or jargon of a particular specialist field)
    Synonym: mowa
  6. language (expression of thought (the communication of meaning) in a specified way; that which communicates something, as language does; i.e. of film or body language)
    Near-synonym: styl
  7. (programming) language (computer language; a machine language)
  8. (archaic) tongue; interrogatee (prisoner captured to obtain information about the enemy)
  9. (Middle Polish) defender (person speaking in favor of someone's name)
  10. (obsolete, printing) bottom of a scoop
  11. (Middle Polish) nation
    Synonym: naród

Declension

Derived terms

adjectives
adverbs
nouns
phrases
proverbs
verbs

Related terms

adjectives

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), język is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 57 times in scientific texts, 8 times in news, 14 times in essays, 21 times in fiction, and 11 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 111 times, making it the 551st most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “język”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 166

Further reading

  • język in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • język in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “język”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • Małgorzata B. Majewska (10.10.2023) “JĘZYK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “język”, in Słownik języka polskiego
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “język”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “język”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 179