je

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"

Albanian

Pronunciation

Verb

je

  1. second-person singular present indicative of jam

Bassa

Pronunciation

Noun

je

  1. jealousy
  2. a kind of lizard

References

Blagar

Noun

je

  1. canoe

References

Bourguignon

Alternative forms

  • i (normal form)

Etymology

The traditional form is i but je is found as early as in the first recorded texts in Bourguignon. However nowadays, it is rare to find it, most speakers saying i as it is a typical feature of Bourguignon.

Pronoun

je

  1. (rare) Alternative form of i

Related terms

    Bourguignon personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative
(subject) 		Inversion Reflexive Accusative
(direct complement) 		Dative
(indirect complement) 		Disjunctive
(tonic) 		Locative
(at) 		Genitive
(of)
Singular First — i (rarely je) -je me, m’ moi — —
Second — tu, t' -tu te, t’ toi — —
Third Masculine ai, before vowels el -ti se, s’ le, l’ lu lu y en
Feminine ale la, l’ lei
Neuter çai -ce çai çai, çan — —
— an -an — — soi — —
Plural First — i (rarely je) -je nos — —
Second — vos -vos vos — —
Third Masculine ai, before vowels el -ti se, s’ les lor lor y en
Feminine ales

Czech

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key):
  • audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jь, *ja, *je, originally from Proto-Indo-European *eno-, *ono-, *no-.[cs 1]

Pronoun

je

  1. third-person plural accusative of on
  2. third-person plural accusative of ona
  3. third-person singular/plural accusative of ono
See also

Etymology 2

Formerly jest, from Proto-Slavic *estь, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.[cs 1]

Verb

je

  1. third-person singular present indicative of být

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rejzek, Jiří (2007) Český etymologický slovník (in Czech), Version 1.0 edition, Prague: Leda

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

  1. subjective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
    Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
  2. objective unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”)
    Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
    Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
    How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
  3. subjective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
    Wat doe je daar? ― What are you doing there?
  4. objective unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”)
    Ik doe dit wel voor je. ― I'll do this for you.
  5. (indefinite personal pronoun, informal) one, people, you, someone, anyone; an unspecified individual or group of individuals (as subject or object)
    Je mag hier niet zwemmen. ― Swimming is not allowed here.
    In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. ― There is great food to be had in that restaurant.
    • 1995 May 23, Marleen Barth, “'Politiek moet leren luisteren naar scholen' ['Politicians must learn to listen to schools']”, in Trouw‎, page 4:
      „Als je als directeur ondernemend van aard bent en je kunt goed leidinggeven, dan ben je natuurlijk wel gelukkig met meer vrijheid. Maar dat geldt voor veel directeuren niet.(...)"
      "If a headteacher is entrepreneurial by nature and if he or she is a good manager, they'll obviously be happy with more freedom. But this does not apply to many headteachers.(...)"
  6. (personal pronoun, colloquial) I, one; used to talk about oneself indirectly, especially about feelings or personal experiences
    Je gaat wel even een moeilijk periode door, maar je zoekt toch naar een oplossing. ― I did go through a difficult period, but I looked for a solution nonetheless.
    • 1994 December 31, Wang An Oe, “'Voor een paar tientjes was ik ineens directeur' ['For a couple of tenners, I suddenly became a CEO']”, in Leeuwarder Courant‎, page 17:
      Het echtpaar Duijm uit Spijkenisse toog zo'n vier maanden geleden naar de Kamer van Koophandel omdat meneer en mevrouw wel wat zagen in een strijkservice. (...) „Voor ƒ 58 inschrijfgeld waren we plotseling directeur en directrice. Na afloop voel je weer de frisse lucht buiten en dan denk je wel even: waar zijn we aan begonnen?"
      About four months ago, Mr and Mrs Duijm from Spijkenisse went to the Chamber of Commerce because the couple saw business potential for an ironing service. (...) "For a ƒ58 registration fee, we were suddenly CEOs. Afterwards, I felt the fresh outside air again and at that moment I did think to myself: what did we get ourselves into?"
    • 2022 October 31, Gummbah, De Volkskrant‎ (cartoon), retrieved 23 November 2022:
      Hoe gaat het nou?
      Slecht !... Ja, je hebt toch net je moeder begraven, hè
      How are things?
      Bad! After all, I just buried my mother, right?
Usage notes
  • When je is the unstressed subjective form of jullie, it is construed with a singular verb. Compare:
Het is gevaarlijk, maar jullie moeten weten wat je doet.
It’s dangerous, but you must decide what you’re doing.
  • In informal language, je often replaces jij, jou, and jouw, with those forms used for emphasis or contrast.
Heb je aan je maat gevraagd of ’ie z’n boor voor je kan meenemen? — Ja, hij zei dat ik ’m daarna aan jou mag geven zodat jij ’m voor jouw klusje kunt gebruiken.
Did you ask your mate to bring his drill for you? — Yes, he said I can give it to you afterwards so you can use it for your project.
Inflection
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
plural
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). 		5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.
Descendants
  • Jersey Dutch: je

Etymology 2

Determiner

je (second person, possessive)

  1. possessive unstressed form of jij (“you (singular)”): your (singular)
    Neem je boek en maak die oefening. ― Take your book and do that exercise.
  2. possessive unstressed form of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): your (plural), y'all's
    Neem je boeken en maak die oefening. ― Take your books and do that exercise.
Inflection
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
plural
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). 		5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Etymology 3

Pronoun

je (second person, reflexive)

  1. reflexive of jij (“you (singular)”): yourself
    Heb je je gewassen? ― Did you wash yourself?
  2. reflexive of jullie (“you (plural), y'all”): yourselves
    Hebben jullie je goed voorbereid? ― Have you all prepared yourselves well?
Inflection
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
plural
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). 		5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Esperanto

Etymology

From German je (“ever, per”).

Pronunciation

Preposition

je

  1. An all-purpose preposition.

Usage notes

The preposition je can replace any other preposition and remain grammatically correct, albeit more ambiguous. It is usually clear what meaning is intended based on context.

It is most useful for prepositional phrases not involving a literal physical connection, and instead, the correct preposition in the source language is mandated by convention only:

"He bets on the horses." (He doesn't place his money on the physical body of the horse.)
"I typed it on the computer." (It was actually typed using the computer.)
"She'll be here in a minute." (She'll be here within or after a minute.)

Without context, Donu ĝin je mi could mean any of the following:

Donu ĝin je mi. — “Give it to me.”
Donu ĝin je mi. — “Give it from me.”
Donu ĝin je mi. — “Give it with me.”

Without context, La kato saltis je la tablon could mean any of the following:

La kato saltis je la tablon. — “The cat jumped onto the table.”
La kato saltis je la tablon. — “The cat jumped under the table.”
La kato saltis je la tablon. — “The cat jumped behind the table.”

Related terms

Franco-Provençal

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronoun

je

  1. I (1SG subject pronoun)

References

  • je in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca

French

Etymology

From Middle French je, from Old French je, from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʒə/
  • (informal) IPA(key): (before a voiced segment) /ʒ/, (before an unvoiced segment) /ʃ/
  • audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ə

Pronoun

je (first person singular, plural nous, object me, emphatic moi, possessive determiner mon)

  1. I

Usage notes

  • When several pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered impolite to say the pronoun je first; it must be the last one, and tu must be said after third persons (this applies also for toi and moi):
    • Nous irons, Rose, toi et moi.
      We will go, Rose, you and I.

Derived terms

Related terms

French personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative
(subject) 		Accusative
(direct complement) 		Dative
(indirect complement) 		Disjunctive
(tonic)
Singular First — je, j’ me, m’ moi
Second — tu te, t’ toi
Third Masculine il le, l’ lui lui
Feminine elle la, l’ elle
Gender neutral5 iel lea ellui
Indeterminate on1 — — —
Reflexive — se, s’4 soi4
Plural First — nous nous nous
Second — vous2 vous2,3 vous2
Third Masculine ils3 les leur eux
Feminine elles elles
Gender neutral5 iels elleux
1 Also used as the first person plural.
2 Also used as the polite singular form.
3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.

Further reading

Garo

Etymology

Likely borrowed from Bengali যেই (jei)

Pronoun

je

  1. that which
  2. whatever
  3. whoever

References

  • Burling, R. (2003) The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo) Vol. II: The Lexicon‎, Bangladesh: University of Michigan, page 56

German

Etymology

Old High German io.

Pronunciation

Adverb

je

  1. ever
    • 1930, Paul Joachimsen, Der Humanismus und die Entwicklung des deutschen Geistes, in: Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 8, page 467:
      Und nun kommt die Reformation selbst. Die größte geistige Umwälzung, die je ein Volk des Abendlandes erlebt hat.
      And now comes the Reformation itself. The largest spiritual upheaval that was ever experienced by a nation of the Occident.
  2. per
  3. (with “desto”, “umso” or (dated) “je”) the
    je mehr, desto besser ― the more the better
    je früher, umso besser ― the sooner the better

Derived terms

Further reading

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From earlier zye, from Saint Dominican Creole French z'yeu, from French les yeux (“the eyes”).

Pronunciation

Noun

je

  1. eye
    Alternative form: zye

Icelandic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Shortening of Jesús (“Jesus”).

Interjection

je

  1. oh my!
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From English yeah.

Interjection

je

  1. (slang, dated) yeah (indicating enthusiastic appreciation, etc.)

Etymology 3

Noun

je n (genitive singular jes, nominative plural je)

  1. (obsolete) Name of the letter J, j.
Declension
declension of je
n-s singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative je jeið je jein
accusative je jeið je jein
dative jei jeinu jeum jeunum
genitive jes jesins jea jeanna
Synonyms
  • (name of J, j): joð

Ido

Pronunciation

Noun

je (plural je-i)

  1. The name of the Latin script letter J/j.

See also

Igbo

Alternative forms

Verb

je

  1. go
  2. walk

Derived terms

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch jee. Doublet of ye. Represented Dutch-derived J (pronounced /j/, modern Y) before 1972.

Pronunciation

Noun

jé

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
  2. (pre-1947, 1947-1972) Superseded spelling of ye.

See also

Further reading

Jersey Dutch

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Dutch je.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

je

  1. you (second-person singular subjective personal pronoun)

Kari'na

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *ô, *jô; compare Apalaí je, Trió je, Wayana je, Waiwai yo, Akawaio ö, Macushi ye, Pemon ye, Ye'kwana yedü, dedü, Yao (South America) hoieelii.

Pronunciation

Noun

je (possessed jery)

  1. tooth
  2. sharpness

References

  • Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎, Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 285
  • Ahlbrinck, Willem (1931) “ye”, in Encyclopaedie der Karaïben, Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, page 548; republished as Willem Ahlbrinck, Doude van Herwijnen, transl., L'Encyclopédie des Caraïbes‎, Paris, 1956, page 537

Lashi

Pronunciation

Adverb

je

  1. more (comparative)

References

  • Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎, Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

  • nje (after a preposition)

Pronunciation

Pronoun

je

  1. accusative of wóni

Malay

Etymology 1

Phonetic spelling of ja in Johor-Riau Malay, clipping of sahaja or saja.

Pronunciation

Adverb

je

  1. (informal) Alternative form of sahaja.

Etymology 2

From English jay.

Pronunciation

Noun

jé (plural je-je)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J/j.
Synonyms
  • je (Indonesian)
  • jim (Jawi letter name)
See also

Marshallese

Etymology

From Proto-Micronesian *tia, from Proto-Oceanic *tian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tian, from Proto-Austronesian *tiaN.

Pronunciation

Noun

je

  1. abdomen
  2. stomach
  3. innard

References

Mbyá Guaraní

Particle

je

  1. indicates hearsay or indirect source of information.
    Mboapy'i je oo jepe raka'e.
    It is said that few could escape.

Middle French

Pronoun

je

  1. Alternative form of ie

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

Pronoun

jê

  1. Alternative form of gî.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Norse jak.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jeː/, /jɛː/, /jæː/
  • IPA(key): /jeːɡ/, /jeː/ (rare, Northern Romerike)

Pronoun

je (accusative meg or (dialectal) me)

  1. (pre-1938 or dialectal) alternative form of eg (“I”)

See also

Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns
person first person second person reflexive third person
case singular singular masculine singular feminine singular neuter
nominative eg, je1 du han ho det, dat2
accusative meg deg seg han, honom2 ho, henne2 det, dat2
dative2 meg deg seg honom henne di2
genitive min din sin hans hennar, hennes1 dess3
case plural
nominative me, vi de, dokker dei
accusative oss, okk dykk, dokker seg dei, deim2
dative oss, okk dykk, dokker seg deim2
genitive vår, okkar dykkar, dokkar sin deira, deires1
1Obsolete. 2Landsmål. 3Rare or literary. Cursive forms unofficial today.


Old French

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.

Pronoun

je

  1. I

Descendants

Descendants

References

Polish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

je

  1. accusative of one
  2. accusative of ono

See also

Etymology 2

Verb

je

  1. third-person singular present indicative of jeść

Etymology 3

Verb

je

  1. (colloquial) third-person singular present indicative of być

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian jē, from Proto-West Germanic *jā. Cognates include West Frisian ja and German ja. Doublet of jee and jä.

Pronunciation

Particle

je

  1. Used to intensify a statement to express it is a known fact; obviously, of course

References

  • Marron C. Fort (2015) “je”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Shortened from jȅst (“is”).

Verb

je ? (Cyrillic spelling је)

  1. is (clitic third-person singular present of bȉti (“to be”))

Etymology 2

Pronoun

je (Cyrillic spelling је)

  1. of her (clitic genitive singular of òna (“she”))
  2. her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))
Declension
    Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
nominative ȏn òna òno òni òne òna
genitive njȅga, ga njȇ, je njȅga, ga njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
dative njȅmu, mu njȏj, joj njȅmu, mu njȉma, im njȉma, im njȉma, im
accusative njȅga, ga, nj njȗ, ju, je njȅga, ga, nj njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
vocative — — — — — —
locative njȅm, njȅmu njȏj njȅm, njȅmu njȉma njȉma njȉma
instrumental njȋm, njíme njȏm, njóme njȋm, njíme njȉma njȉma njȉma

Slovak

Pronunciation

Verb

je

  1. third-person singular of byť
  2. third-person singular of jesť

Slovene

Pronunciation 1

Verb

jȅ

  1. third-person singular present of bíti

Pronunciation 2

Verb

jẹ́

  1. third-person singular present of jẹ́sti

Swahili

Pronunciation

Particle

je

  1. well? now? (used to call attention to a question)

Usage notes

Je precedes the question, and is more commonly used in writing (to supplement for what is usually conveyed by tone of voice in speech).

Adverb

-je

  1. A clitic placed at the end of a verb, meaning how.
    umelalaje?
    how did you sleep?

Ternate

Etymology

Clipping of waje.

Pronunciation

Conjunction

je

  1. Alternative form of waje (“complementizer, that”)
    ana iwaje je kolano osone ― they say that the king is dead

References

  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Pronunciation

Noun

je (definite accusative jeyi, plural jeler)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

See also

Turkmen

Pronunciation

Noun

je (definite accusative jeni, plural jeler)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

Declension

Declension of je
singular plural
nominative je jeler
accusative jäni jeleri
genitive jäniň jeleriň
dative jä jelere
locative jede jelerde
ablative jeden jelerden

Upper Sorbian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈjɛ/
  • Rhymes: -ɛ
  • Syllabification: je

Verb

je

  1. third-person singular present of być
    Wón je zadołženy.
    He is in debt.

Welsh

Pronunciation

Noun

je f (plural jeau, not mutable)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

See also

West Makian

Pronunciation

Numeral

je

  1. attaches to pronouns to form the dual
    ini je ― you two
    eme je ― they two

References

  • Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics
Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia