kʰə̆-

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Pela

Etymology

Likely from an earlier form *kʰa with an uncertain tone, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”); a possible cognate is directly attested as Lhao Vo kho꞉ (“where”). If so, cognate with Old Chinese 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ), Tibetan ག་རེ (ga re, “what”), Nuosu ꇿ (kat), ꈀꇬ (kax go, “where”) and Lahu qhɔ̀ (“where”, Na dialect). Compare Lhao Vo kho꞉ and Zaiwa ka.

Determiner

kʰə̆- (usually with classifiers, always reduced)

  1. which
    nɔ̃⁵⁵ kʰə̆.kɔ³¹kja⁵⁵ mɛ̃⁵⁵ pju⁵⁵
    Which country are you from?

Prefix

kʰə̆- (always reduced)

  1. (unproductive) prefix forming interrogative terms
    kʰə̆.jauʔ³¹
    which man; who (with jauʔ³¹ (“classifier for people”))
    kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵
    whither, to what place (with kʰja⁵⁵ (“to, toward”))
    kʰə̆.mja̠³⁵
    how many, how much (with mja̠³⁵ (“a derived form of mja³¹ (“many, much”)”))

Usage notes

Since being a full syllable instead of a reduced one is not required for a head of a noun phrase in Pela, the reduced appearance of kʰə̆- does not imply its function as an affix directly; instead, it serves as the head of case particles frequently (though mostly fossilised), as in kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵ (“whither, to what place (in this case kʰja⁵⁵ (“to, toward”))”).

Derived terms

Pela terms prefixed with kʰə̆-

See also

Possible derived terms from *kʰa:

References

  • Dai Qingxia, Jiang Ying, Kong Zhien, A Study of Pela Language (2007; Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, Beijing)
  • Huang Bufan (editor), Xu Shouchun, Chen Jiaying, Wang Huiyin, A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (1992; Central Minorities University, Beijing)
  • Mangshi Jinghpo ethnicity Association of Development and Progress Studies(芒市景颇族发展进步研究学会)(ed.), Han-Zaiwa-Pela Dictionary (汉文载瓦文波拉语对译词典) (2018; Dehong Nationalities Publishing House, Mangshi)
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